Individuals and groups

i A family that includes young children

ii A person between eighteen and twenty-four years of age

iii A retired couple

iv A single female or male

v A businessperson who travels frequently

as part of his/her job

vi An unemployed person Discuss holiday travel today by using the opening statement, 'The type of holiday the traveller chooses depends on his/her age and wealth.'

Table 2.8 Recreation-leave and annual holiday entitlements of selected countries

Country	Amount of leave
Australia	4 weeks
Austria	5 to 6 weeks
Belgium	4 weeks
Denmark	5 weeks
Finland	5 weeks
France	5 weeks
Germany	3 to 6 weeks
Greece	20 to 22 days
Luxembourg	5 weeks
Malta	4 weeks
The Netherlands	4 to 6 weeks
Ireland	3 to 4 weeks
Italy	3 to 6 weeks
Norway	3 weeks
Portugal	3 to 4 weeks
Spain	5 weeks
Sweden	5 weeks
The United Kingdom	4 to 5 weeks
The United States	2 weeks minimum

(Source: European Industrial Relations Review, April 1987 issue)

Tourism in Australia - sun and surf

In Australia today, tourism is very much based on the 'summer holiday', which in most cases means visiting the beach or surf. Most annual holidays are taken in the summer months of December and January, and coastal towns and resorts are packed with all types of coast-using travellers: families that include small children; teenagers; young men and women, and older people. Around Australia's coasts, the popular locations are usually close to the major cities; examples are the Mornington and Bellarine peninsulas south of Melbourne, South Australia's south coast, Sydney's Bondi and Manly beaches, and the famous Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast near Brisbane. Millions of people flock to these 'seasonal' locations in order to swim, surf and undertake a range of recreational activities.

51

TOURISM

Figure 2.28 Sydney's Bondi Beach - popular even in the month of April

Activity 9

a i What are your local area's or state's most popular coastal locations?

ii What attracts visitors to these places, and what attractions do the places have?

b How do the places you cited in part a cater

for tourists?

c List the recreational activities undertaken at the beach as well as the facilities that tour­ists expect in those places in order to un­dertake the activities.

d i Explain the term coastal resort.

ii How popular are Australia's coastal re­sorts, and where are they?

e i Research the climate of the places you cited in part d.

ii Do all these places have perfect weather conditions for sun-and-surf holidays?

f What are some of the problems associated with 'summer holidays' in the 'sun'? For example, define the term high season.

What alternative decisions can be made? What impacts would each one have?

Modern travellers' stories are the subject of the amus­ing magazine article in Figure 2.29 entitled 'Tourism now'.

Activity 10

a Explain what is meant by the statement, "The worst travel experiences and misadventures are often the most spoken about, best read and most descriptive.'

b Describe any memorable travel experiences you have had.

c If anyone has ever described any memora­ble travel experiences to you, share them with the class.

^{TOURISM NOW}

By Wendy Harmer

Ever been sitting in an aeroplane and wondered exactly how many other folk are up here in the sky with you? Well, more than 1000 million people travelled by air last year, so that's around 2.73 million people a day and, if you divide that by 24 hours in a day, that's …hey, you're the one with time on your hands, so you work it out!

Suffice to say, we're talking the population of a small city up here! If we all laid plastic knives, forks and spoons end to end? We'd end up with an enormous cutlery set. And if we all landed at the one place at the one time? My bag would still come out last on the baggage carousel!

And almost half of all air travellers are tourists. We set out every year looking for the ultimate holiday experi­ence ... to walk a deserted beach, fall in love with a local, find a bargain, see something, go somewhere no one has ever seen, gone or done before ... 500 million of us.

And why am I telling you all this? So that next time you are tempted to bore someone witless with your latest travel story you will understand how stiff competition is. These days, a lively yarn about a hair-raising taxi ride in Rome, a mixed-up hotel booking in Paris or a cranky burro in Mexico will just not cut it. Even with photographs. I'm sorry. And statistics show that of all tourists, 37 per cent got sick on their travels and 28 per cent of those had vom­iting or diarrhoea. So epic bathroomfales, no matter how graphic, are just ho hum. So a travel story, to pass the test of time, has to be spectacular. Let's say that the world's best loved and enduring travel stories - Bilbo Boggins's voyage in Lord of the Rings or Gulliver's travels in Lilliput are worth 100 points. I now offer a quick and easy guide to score your own traveller's tales:

• A two-week package tour of Saturn with extra­terrestrials ... 100 points. (Score bonus 10 points for laser burns or photographs.)

• A baggage handlers' strike leaves you stranded in: the Antarctic wilderness, Borneo, Galapagos Islands, Ulaanbaatar, or that health spa where they filmed The Player …75 points.

• Sitting on the plane/train next to pirates, head-hunters, Oscar nominees or Salman Rushdie …50 points.

• Being struck down with: Guinea Worm, Anthrax, Plague or Tropical Warble Fly ... 30 points.

• Luggage being destroyed by: locusts, hailstones, fruit bats or giant squid ... 25 points.

• Paying for a cup of coffee at a street cafe with: uncut diamonds, deed to house, first-born child or your life ... 20 points.

• Because of a mix-up in hotel bookings being forced to sleep in: Tiananmen Square, the Gaza Strip, Number 10 Downing Street …10 points.

If you scored:

More than 50 points: Yeah, actually we were thinking of doing the same trip next year. Under 50 points: Been there done that!

Figure 2.29 In-flight-magazine article ("The Australian Way, April 1993 issue)

52

TRAVELLERS OVER TIME

Who uses this place?

Who is involved in the issue?

Tourists visiting Australia

Australia is rapidly becoming a very important tourist destination; in 1994, 3.3 million overseas visitors ar­rived. The industry's growth has provided Australia with many benefits. Annually, domestic and interna­tional tourism contributes more than $26 billion to the national economy, and it has become one of the nation's largest single export earners. In 1993-94, it generated an estimated $10.6 billion in foreign ex­change, through tourists' bringing revenue into Aus­tralia, which makes tourism a big export industry by selling the Australian image overseas. By 1993, the industry employed about 465,000 people, and during the 1990s it is expected to generate more than 250,000 jobs. The industry's continued growth is signified by the fact that tourism accommodation projects worth more than $4 billion are due for completion between 1993 and 1996.

Domestic tourism is very important and dynamic. In 1992 within Australia, Australian residents fourteen or more years of age undertook 46.1 million trips of at least one night's duration and spent 207.5 million nights away from home. Both figures were down 6.6 per cent and 6 per cent respectively on those of the previous year, due to the recession.

Table 2.9 Tourists visiting Australia in 1991', 1993 ² and 1994 ³ — selected countries of origin

Country of	1991	1993	1994
residence
Japan	528,500	670,800	721,700
New Zealand	480,600	499,300	480,400
The United Kingdom	263,800	310,300	335;400
The United States	271,800	281,300	289,600
Singapore	87,500	154,900	187,600
Taiwan	34,700	108,700	142,400
Germany	77,700	105,600	-
Hong Kong	62,800	92,000	109,500
Malaysia	48,000	80,400	-
Indonesia	37,000	71,500	105,700
Korea	23,600	-	112,800
Thailand	24,700	-	66,900

(Source: 1, ², and ³ - Australian Bureau of Statistics "Overseas Arrivals and Departures")

Activity 11

Refer to the graph in Figure 2.30 on page 54. Since World War II, the number of overseas tourists visiting Australia has rapidly increased. The figures ranging from 1992 to 2001 are ac­tual numbers and estimates of the expected number of arrivals for those years, based on current trends. Most overseas visitors stay for periods of less than one year. Answer questions a to c as follows.

Questions

a What, in terms of decades, does the graph reveal about the short-term visitor stays that occurred between 1946 and 1992?

b Why were the figures for 1988 more than those for the following two years?

c How many overseas visitors

i arrived in 1988?

ii arrived in 1992?

iii were estimated to arrive in 2001?

Activity 12

Refer to the graph in Figure 2.31 on page 54. It is interesting to study which parts of the world the overseas visitors come from, because this reveals a lot about the groups of people who can afford to travel overseas and stay in Aus­tralia for extended periods. Answer questions a to e as follows.

Questions

a In 1988, which country provided the most

people visiting Australia?

b Since 1988, which countries or regions have

undergone

i the largest increase in visitor numbers?

ii the largest decrease in visitor numbers?

c Which countries or regions have undergone

little change in the numbers of their arrivals

in Australia?

d Which year had the most visitors from the

United States?

e Can you suggest any reasons for the changes

revealed in the graph as having occurred

since 1988?

Activity 13

It is predicted that overseas-visitor arrivals in Australia will rise from 3.4 million in 1995 to 7.5 million in 2003. Refer to Table 2.10 on page 55 and answer questions a to g as follows.

Activity 13 continues.

53

igure 2.30 Number of overseas-visitor short-term stays in Australia, actual and predicted, 1946—2001 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics "Overseas Arrivals and Departures")

Activity 13 (continued)

Questions

a i State where most people visiting Aus­tralia were expected to come from dur­ing 1995.

ii Rank the 1995 visitor numbers in order of size, from largest to smallest.

b i State whether the visitor numbers will be ranked in the same order during 2000.

ii For 2000, state the total estimated number of visitors from all the Asian countries and regions.

c i State which countries and regions are indicating the greatest increase in tour­ist numbers.

ii For each country and region, calculate the percentage increase from 1995 to 2000. State some of the countries in the 'Other Asia' region that might be providing the growth.

d State how the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games might be expected to help provide for some of the rapid growth in tourist numbers.

f The rapid growth in tourist numbers is ex­pected to cause some problems and raise some concerns, for example accommoda­tion shortages. State which planning and management decisions might have to be made by government agencies, groups and

Figure 2.31 Number of overseas-visitor short-term stays in Australia, 1988-94 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics "Overseas Arrivals and Departures")

54

TRAVELLERS OVER TIME

Table 2.10 Predicted overseas-visitor arrivals in Australia, 1995-2000, in thousands

				Country or region of origin
Year	The	Canada	The	Germany	Other	New	Japan	Singapore	Other	Other	Total
	United		United		Europe	Zealand			Asia	countries
	States		Kingdom
1995	315	55	358	139	266	515	734	206	963	220	3771
1996	332	56	383	154	290	540	783	231	1205	246	4220
1997	349	59	405	170	316	567	856	266	1415	273	4676
1998	370	63	424	189	346	589	948	309	1638	302	5179
1999	395	66	449	211	381	611	1058	336	1860	333	5699
2000	417	68	495	234	420	674	1180	363	2080	368	6299

(Source: The Advertiser, Adelaide, 7 December 1994 and Tourism Forecasting Council, International Arrival Forecasts.)

individuals in order to cope with the ex­pected growth.

g Using the data in Table 2.10 and the infor­mation you have gathered in answering questions a to f, write a brief newspaper article entitled 'Tourism tipped to double by 2003'.

Activity 14

Refer to the pie chart in Figure 2.32 and answer questions a to c as follows.

Questions

a Use the pie chart in order to explain the statement, 'Most overseas visitors' stays in Australia are short term.'

b i Considering the high cost of overseas travel, how do you account for the large percentage of visitors who stay for only a week or less?

ii Which country or countries might most of these visitors come from?

c Can you explain why very few people stay for longer than six months?

Activity 15

Refer to the pie chart in Figure 2.33 and answer questions a and b as follows.

Questions

a i What does the pie chart reveal about where overseas visitors go for their holidays?

ii What else does it reveal?

b i Which are the most and least popular states?

ii Can you suggest any reasons why this is the case?

Figure 2.32 Overseas visitors' intended length of stay in Australia, 1992

(Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, "Overseas Arrivals and Departures")

Figure 2.33 Overseas visitors' states of destination, by number of nights, 1994 (Source: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Visitor Survey, 1994.)

55

T O U R I S M

Activity 16

Read the newspaper article in Figure 2.34 enti­tled 'Sydney top of list for local, foreign tourists' and answer questions a to d as follows.

Questions

a Calculate the percentages for the numbers of overseas and domestic visitors who visit the eastern states (Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory)

and the southern (Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia) and western ones (West­ern Australia).

b What reasons can you suggest for the east­ern states' popularity?

c i What does the article suggest about

South Australian tourism?

ii What are the popular tourist destinations in South Australia?

Sydney top of list for local, foreign tourists

By Travel Writer STUART INNES

Sydney is a runaway win­ner as the favorite Austral­ian destination for overseas and domestic visitors.

A major survey shows cities and regions in the eastern States are far more popular than other areas in Australia.

Adelaide is placed seventh in an international list of 20 Australian re­gions and no other South

Australian areas feature in the list.

On the domestic list - also of 20 regions - the City of Churches finishes slightly better at fifth.

But again local tourist spots - including the Barossa Valley - fail to rate.

The Federal Bureau of Tourism Research lists show Adelaide having attracted 1,628,000 Australian visitors (over 14 years) by last year.

This put it behind Sydney (4.27 million), Melbourne (3.38 million), Brisbane (2.54 million) and hard on the heels of what many consider the most successful tour­ism place in Australia, the Gold Coast, with 1.91 mil­lion.

Adelaide comes in ahead of the Hunter Valley in NSW and Queensland's Sunshine Coast (each about 1.53

million) and, surprisingly, Perth (1.52 million visi­tors),

The executive direc­tor of the Adelaide Con­vention and Tourism Authority, Mr Bill Spurr, last night said AdelaideV ratings underlined the need for more recognition to be given to the city as a tourist attraction.

Source: BTR International Vtslor Survey 199?and Domestic Iburism Monitor 1992

He said most people talked of Kangaroo Island, the Barossa Valley or the Fleurieu Peninsula as be­ing important tourist places in SA. But Adelaide was not often considered.

"The compactness of the city, having a North Tee cultural boulevard alongside an accessible shopping pre­cinct, high standard (of) facilities that any city in the world would be proud of, like the Casino, the Festival Centre and international hotels are all attractions of Adelaide," he said.

The BTR's international visitors list shows Adelaide, with 210,000 overseas visitors last year behind Sydney (1.53 million), Melbourne, the Gold Coast, Cairns, Bris­bane and Perth but ahead of Canberra, Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Alice Springs.

Mr Spurr said Adelaide had the attractions to draw thousands more tourists.

Figure 2.34 Newspaper article (The Advertiser, Adelaide, 29 July 1993)

56

TRAVELLERS OVER TIME

d How many and which places mentioned in the article have you visited?

Activity 18

Refer to graphs a and b in Figure 2.36 and answer questions a to f that follow.

Activity 17

Refer to pie charts a and b in Figure 2.35 and answer questions a to c as follows.

Questions

a What are the main reasons why people travel to and leave Australia?

b What does the term in transit mean?

c What might some of people's 'other' rea­sons for travelling be?

Figure 2.35 a Overseas visitors' purposes for visiting Australia, 1994; b Australians' departures overseas for periods of less than one year, 1994 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, "Overseas Arrivals and Departures")

Figure 2.36 a Average number of nights spent in Australia by overseas visitors, 1994; b average amount of money spent in Australia by overseas visitors, 1994

(Source: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Vistor Survey)

Questions

a The residents of which overseas countries and regions spend an above-average and below-average number of nights in Australia?

b Can you suggest any reasons why Japanese and New Zealand residents spend much less time in Australia?

c List, in order from most to least, the coun-■ tries and regions whose residents spend the most money in Australia.

d Calculate the money spent each night by the residents of each country and region.

Activity 18 continues.

TOURISM

Activity 18 (continued)

e The residents of which countries and re­gions spend the most money in Australia each day and night?

f Use the information gathered for all the graphs and pie charts on pages 54 to 57 in order to describe a typical overseas visitor who came to Australia during 1992.

Activity 19

Refer to pie charts a and b in Figure 2.37 and answer questions a and b that follow.

Figure 2.37 Domestic tourism, 1993-94: a purpose of the trip; b type of accommodation used (Source: Bureau of Tourism Research Domestic Tourism Monitor)

Questions

a With reference to the purpose of their trips, in what ways are Australian tourists differ­ent from or similar to overseas visitors?

b i What is the most popular type of ac­commodation used by domestic tour­ists?

ii Suggest reasons for this choice of ac­commodation.

Australians travelling overseas

and interstate

Australian people consider overseas travel to be a popular way of spending their annual vacation or accrued-leave time - in 1992, for example, 2,276,300 of us left in order to travel 'OS'. This figure repre­sents an increase of 8 per cent over 1991 and an increase of 5 per cent over 1990. The slight decline evident during 1991 is attributed to the recession -funds available for individual travel were limited. During 1992, the biggest increase in overseas depar­tures - 18 per cent - occurred in the month of July.

Activity 20

Refer to the graph in Figure 2.38 and answer questions a to c that follow.

Figure 2.38 Australian residents' short-term departures, actual and seasonally adjusted, 1990-92 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics)

58

TRAVELLERS OVER TIME

Questions

a i What are the most and least popular months for overseas departures? ii Suggest reasons why several peak times exist. b What does the term seasonally adjusted

mean? c What trends does the graph reveal about overseas travel?

Activity 21

Refer to the graph in Figure 2.39 and answer questions a to e that follow.

d i During 1992, two other regions that became increasingly popular were the Middle East and northern Africa. Which countries are located in them?

ii Explain the two regions' growth in popularity as tourist destinations.

e i Using your limited knowledge of the locations represented in the graph, state where you would choose to go for your first overseas trip.

ii Give reasons for your choice.

iii If you have already been overseas, share your experiences with the rest of the class.

Figure 2.39 Australian residents' short-term departures: main country of stay, 1990-92 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics)

Activity 22

Read the newspaper article in Figure 2.40 on page 60 entitled 'Airlines fly high on travel boom' and answer questions a to e as follows.

Questions

a Which are Australia's busiest and quietest airports?

b List, in order of importance, the busiest airline routes.

c Between 1992 and 1993, which airport and state had the biggest increase in travellers?

d i How many people crossed the Tasman Sea during 1992-93?

ii Where did they go?

e By what percentage has international traf­fic in and out of Australia increased over the past decade?

Questions

a i What are the most and least popular

destinations for Australians travelling

overseas?

ii Suggest reasons why Australians choose

the destinations that are most popular.

b How many people went to Europe, New

Zealand and the Americas during 1992?

c i How many people travelled to Asia?

ii List the countries in South-East Asia and

North-East Asia.

iii Which countries listed in part ii do you think might be the most popular desti­nations?

iv Why do so many people travel to Asia?

Activity 23

Read the newspaper article in Figure 2.41 on page 61 entitled 'More Aussies take to the skies' and answer questions a to d as follows.

Questions

a How many Australians fly interstate at least

once a year?

b How many Australians flew during 1992-93?

c Why are people flying more? Who are they?

d Which destinations are the most popular for Australia's air-travel holidaymakers?

59

T O U R I S M

Airlines fly high on travel boom

From STEPHANIE RAETHEL

CANBERRA: The skies between Auckland and Sydney remain the busiest route for passengers flying in and out of Australia as more travellers take to the air, new fig­ures show.

Australia's international air­line passenger market was up more than 11 per cent in June, compared with the same time last year and grew 8 per cent during the past 12 months, Transport De­partment figures show.

International traffic in and out of Australia in the past decade has risen 8.7 per cent, above the world growth rate of 5.7 per cent.

Qantas director of corporate planning Mr Rodger Robertson said most of the growth was from increased tourist numbers, while the number of Australians travel­ling overseas was rising only marginally.

Mr Robertson said airlines were providing more flights for passengers but they were not increasing the number of passengers on each flight. "I think it is a good achievement for Australian tourism that traffic is grow­ing," he said.

The figures show travellers coming to Australia rose 8.5 per cent, while outbound traffic was up 8.8 per cent.

Qantas also increased its market share, from 37.6 per cent in 1991/92, to 39.5 per cent last year:

Queensland appears to be the big winner from the increase of airline passengers, with airports at holiday destinations such as Cairns busier than ever before.

The number of passengers on the busiest route, be­tween Auckland and Sydney, rose slightly. Fewer people used the Tokyo-Sydney flight but it remained the second most popular route in and out of Australia.

The figures are based on direct flights between the cities and include passengers travelling both into and out of Australia.

Business on the Los Angeles-Sydney route is up, making it the third busiest, while passenger numbers between Honolulu-Sydney fell sharply as US airlines pulled: out of this route.

More than 655,000 people crossed the Tasman, while 459,625 flew between Tokyo and Sydney in the 12 months to June, 1993.

The top three routes were followed by flights be- ~ tween Singapore and Sydney, Singapore and Perth and Hong Kong and Sydney.

Figure 2.40 Newspaper article (The Advertiser, Adelaide, 30 September 1993)

60

TRAVELLERS OVER TIME

_{More Aussies take to the skies}

From Travel Writer STUART INNES

HAMILTON ISLAND: One in four Australians is flying interstate at least once a year.

And the boom in domestic air travel has seen a mas­sive increase in Australians taking more holidays in their own country.

Ansett Airline's national marketing manager, Mr Garry Kingshott, said yesterday that in the three years since airline deregulation there had been "spectacular growth" in the numbers of Australians using air travel.

In 1990-91, 14.7 million passenger trips were re­corded in Australia. But two years later the 12-month total was 18.6 million,a 26 per cent increase.

Mr Kingshott said Ansett's share of the market had increased from 49 per cent of those domestic passengers in 1991 to 55.5 per cent in 1993.

He said the significant increase had come in leisure travel.

In 1990, 65 per cent of Ansett's passengers were business travellers.

In 1993, 46 per cent were business and 54 per cent non-business.

Mr. Kingshott was speaking at Hamilton Island, Queensland, at the announcement of the Ansett Holidays range for 1994-95.

Ansett Holidays'manager, Mr Gary Robertson, said the division had scored a 40 per cent increase in sales in the past year, which came on top of annual increases of 32 per cent and 21 per, cent in the previous two years.

Queensland is still the favorite holiday destination for Australians, according, to Ansett figures.

The Gold Coast is the most popular package desti­nation for air travel holidays, taking 21 per cent of sales,. ahead of the Whitsundays (16 per cent), Cairns (10 per cent), WA (8 per cent) and Tasmania (7 per cent).

Meanwhile, South .Australians are set to benefit from a new, extra flight to Bali from March.

Since September, Ansett has had success with its Darwin-Bali flights on weekends (connecting with Ad­elaide-Darwin flights). From March, it will ran a Wednes­day service, with potential for four-day and 10-day holidays.

Figure 2.41 Newspaper article (The Advertiser, Adelaide, 31 January 1994)

61

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CHAPTER THREE