_{Mark Manuel}

_{Barri McElroy}

_{Roger S mith}

_{CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS}

_Contents

Preface v

Acknowledgements vi

1 Conflicts over tourism: issues and options 1

Tourism - the big picture 1

Tourism worldwide 2

Tourism in Australia 2

What is a tourist? 2 What is the difference between tourism, recreation and leisure? 6

What are the types of tourism? 7

Models for classifying tourist activities 7

Who tours? Who does not tour? 10

What are the main tourism concepts? 12

The tourism industry 12 Finding out and making decisions: will our future and our

world benefit from tourism? 21

Mountain and alpine tourism - potential conflicts 23

Conflict, coexistence and interdependence 30

2 Travellers over time 31

What do tourists look for? 31 Why is perception important when we are discussing tourism?

What has perception got to do with tourism? 32 How do we gain these perceptions? How do overseas tourists

perceive Australia as a tourist destination? 38

How do tourists gain an impression of a place? 40

Australian tourists in their own 'backyard' 40

Indigenous culture and tourism 42

What is your perception of a tourist destination or place? 42 Who is involved in creating these perceptions? How have

perceptions changed over time? 45

Tales from the past 45

Early travel 45

The Age of Discovery' of travel destinations 47

Travel from the seventeenth to the early-twentieth century 47

Travel during the second half of the twentieth century 49

The annual holiday 50

Tourism in Australia - sun and surf 51

Tourists visiting Australia 53

Australians travelling overseas and interstate 58

3 The impact of tourism 62

The impact of tourism on the biophysical environment and the

people 62

Tourism in Asia 63

Tourism on Lombok Island, Indonesia 66

The Gili Islands - a meeting of tourist cultures 74

The struggle over Gili Trawangan land 76

Pangkor Island, Malaysia - new developments 78

Tourism in the coastal areas of Thailand 81

Tourism in Fiji 85

4 Tourism and the future 89

Tourism trends 90

Reading the tourism trends - making good or bad decisions 96

Sydney 2000 - the Olympic Games and beyond 97

Foreign tourists 99

Future travel 100

Tourism further into the future 101

Ecotourism 107 Can the Australian tourism industry adjust in order to become

ecologically sustainable and culturally sensitive? 109

A vision for Australian tourism in the early-twenty-first century 114

The search for sustainable tourism in Africa 114

5 Investigating an issue 123

Finding out and making decisions 123

Looking around and looking ahead 123 The tourism-development conflict on Kangaroo Island, South

Australia 125

Investigating a tourism issue 143

Towards an ecotourism strategy 147

Index 149

_{P reface}

Tourism is one of the world's most popular recrea­tional activities, and the tourism industry is one of its biggest economic activities. Tourist activity may have both a beneficial and a detrimental influence on the society and biophysical environment in which it oc­curs, and its effects are noted on the environment, culture, lifestyle and economy. Almost every place on earth is affected by tourism. Even the most re­mote and isolated continent, Antarctica, is attracting growing numbers of international tourists.

A study of tourism involves much more than sim­ply examining the tourism industry and may consider activities not organised by the industry. Tourism ad­dresses some of the issues that may arise because people may have varying opinions about some as­pects of a tourism activity. The book is more than a limited textbook about the tourism industry, although it frequently pays attention to specific issues related to the industry. It consistently requires students to seek evidence and opinions from all parties within the industry, the customers and other people who may have a legitimate stake in the issue.

Issues arise when the people involved have dif­ferent or conflicting views. Tourism has the potential to raise these issues, because large numbers of peo­ple are concentrated in the world's unique places, and it may prompt disagreement about the best types of activities for a place. These issues require careful investigation, so that, as we make decisions about our future and our world, we can find the answers to many questions, which will enable us to make sound judgements and act wisely. In order to do this, we have to know

• what the issue is that requires investigation and resolution

• what is at the particular place we are investigating

• where the aspects of the issue are located pre­cisely and when they occur

• who is involved in the issue

• how the issue might be resolved and whose in­terests may be served by any solution

• how we would respond in the situation and how we would be able to justify our stance.

Tourism is the second in a series of four books entitled Our Future Our World. The series introduces a variety of issues that we should investigate and understand if we are to make good decisions about our world and thereby ensure that our future is one that best serves us, the rest of humankind and the environments in which we live. Most importandy, the series helps us to know how to find out about any issue of concern and how to do something about it in effective and democratic ways. As students, you are encouraged to study issues of local and global concern in a way that allows you to not only under­stand how a situation has arisen and aspects of its function, but how it was, or could be, resolved so that all interests are properly considered.

Tourist places, and tourism and its impacts, are fascinating to study. We are all potential tourists, and during our lifetimes we will probably travel exten­sively within our local area, our state, Australia and/ or many of the world's regions. As you travel, you will be involved in your own tourism-related issues. This book teaches you how to inquire into them and to thereby discover more about tourism and its ef­fects and how people behave as tourists. Studying the issues and perhaps being involved in them will enable you to appreciate whose interests are served by the decisions that are made about tourism. By undertaking the investigations suggested in this book, you will gain experience in finding fair resolutions to complex and difficult issues that involve tourism.

If we are to secure our future, we have to ensure that the issues of our world are jusdy and fairly re­solved. This book is about issues related to tourism. Some of our most important and interesting occupa­tions and pastimes, some of the world's most unique and valuable environments, and some of the world's oldest and most interesting cultures and heritage, are involved when we discuss tourism issues, and they deserve urgent consideration.

v

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Lindsay Manuel, Trish Buckley and Nan McElroy and their families for their continued patience and encouragement.

Our thanks also go to the Northern Territory Fig. 2.27

Tourist Commission for the cover photo of King's Canyon, and to Dr Stephen Codrington for the cover Tbl. 2.8

photo of an Australian food place in Asia.

We are very grateful to the following individuals and organisations for allowing us to reproduce the Tbl. 2.9

material in the figures and tables listed.

Fig. 1.1. Tourists cruising near Airlie Beach: Kathy and John Ellidge

Fig. 2.29

Tbl. 2.10

Tbl. 1.2 The top non-tourism leisure activities un­dertaken over one week by Australians: The Advertiser, Adelaide

Fig. 1.13 Pacific Cruise Company, Adelaide

Fig. 1.14 The life cycle of tourist destinations: Adapted from a model by the South Aus­tralian Tourism Commission

Fig. 2.30

Tbl. 1.6 Extent of tourist adaptation to local norms, and the consequent impact, in a non-Western country: Adapted from Tourist Development {2nd edn) by Douglas Pearce

Fig. 1.17 Market trends in Australian tourism: South Australian Tourism Commission

Fig. 2.31

Fig. 1.21 Himalayas: John Townsend, AusAID

Fig. 1.25 Piltdown, 'roggo' © Donald Langmead

Fig. 1.26 Department of Conservation and Environ­ment, Victoria. 1992, Alpine National Park Management Plan, Bogong Planning Unit

Fig. 2.6 Elephants: Greg Knaggs, Warradale, South

Australia Fig. 2.32

Fig. 2.7 Buckingham Palace: Andrew Smith

Fig. 2.10 Pyramids: John Ovens

Fig. 2.13 Ormiston Gorge: © Northern Territory Tourist Commission

Fig. 2.25 Movie World, Wet W Wild Water Park Gold

Coast Australia, Sea World Gold Coast Aus- Fig. 2.33

tralia, Dreamworld, Fraser Island Adven­ture Tours, Noosa's Cooloola Cruises, The Big Pineapple, Ski and Surf, Underwater World, Maroochy Shire Council, Bungee

Downunder, Ripley's 'Believe It Or Not!' Museum, Mountain Trek Adventures, Currumbin Sanctuary, Big Kart Track Pavilion on the long pier: Mortlock Library, State Library of South Australia, photo 06055 Recreation-leave and annual holiday enti­tlements: European Industrial Relations Review 159, April 1987 Tourists visiting Australia in 1991,1993 and 1994: ABS, Overseas Arrivals and Depart­ures, Australia, December 1991, Catalogue No. 3401.0, March 1992; 3404.0, July 1994; December Quarter, 3402.0, April 1995. Commonwealth of Australia copyright re­produced by permission 'Tourism now': Wendy Harmer Predicted overseas-visitor arrivals in Aus­tralia, 1995-2000: The Advertiser, Adelaide and Tourism Forecasting Council, Interna­tional Arrival Forecasts Number of overseas-visitor short-term stays in Australia, actual and predicted, 1946-2001: ABS, Catalogue No. 3431.0, Bureau of Tourism Research, Australian Tourism Data Card. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by permission Number of overseas-visitor short-term stays in Australia, 1988-93: ABS, Catalogue No's 3401.0, May 1991; 3401.0, September 1993; 3404.0, July 1994 and 3402.0, April 1995. Commonwealth of Australia copyright re­produced by permission Overseas visitors' intended length of stay in Australia, 1992: Bureau of Tourism Re­search, International Visitor Survey 1991, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Com­monwealth of Australia copyright repro­duced by permission Overseas visitors' states of destination, by number of nights, 1994: Bureau of Tour­ism Research, International Visitor Survey, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Com­monwealth of Australia copyright repro­duced by permission

vi

Fig. 2.34 'Sydney top of list for local, foreign tour­ists': The Advertiser, Adelaide

Fig. 2.35a Overseas visitors' purposes for visiting Aus­tralia, 1994: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Visitor Survey, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by per­mission

Fig. 2.35b Australians' departures overseas for peri­ods less than one year, 1994: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Visitor Sur­vey, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright re­produced by permission

Fig. 2.36a Average number of nights spent in Aus­tralia by overseas visitors, 1994: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Visitor Sur­vey 1994, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by permission

Fig. 2.36b Average amount of money spent in Aus­tralia by overseas visitors, 1994: Bureau of Tourism Research, International Visitor Sur­vey 1994, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by permission

Fig. 2.37a Domestic tourism, 1993-94 - purpose of the trip: Bureau of Tourism Research, In­ternational Visitor Survey, Australian Tour­ism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by permis­sion

Fig. 2.37b Domestic tourism, 1993-94 - type of ac­commodation used: Bureau of Tourism Re­search International Visitor Survey, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Com­monwealth of Australia copyright repro­duced by permission

Fig. 2.38 Australian residents' short-term departures, actual and seasonally adjusted, 1990-92: Bureau of Tourism Research, Australian Tourism Data Card, ABS. Commonwealth of Australia copyright reproduced by per­mission.

Fig. 2.39 Australian residents' short-term departures - main country or region of stay, 1990-92: Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia Monthly Publications, 1990-92, ABS, Cata­logue No. 3401. Commonwealth of Aus­tralia copyright reproduced by permission

Fig. 2.40 'Airlines fly high on travel boom': The Ad­vertiser, Adelaide

Fig. 2.41 'More Aussies take to the skies': The Ad­vertiser, Adelaide

Fig.	3.2
Fig-	3.3
Fig.	3.8
Fig.	3.21
Tbl	3.2
Fig-	3.37
Fig.	3-38
Fig.	3.39
Fig.	3.40
Fig.	3.41
Fig.	3.43
Fig.	4.1
Tbl.	4.1

Tbl. 4.2

Fig. 4.6

Fig. 4.7

Fig. 4.8

Fig. 4.14

Fig. 4.15

Fig. 4.17

Fig. 4.18

Fig. 4.21

Tbl. 4.7

Fig. 4.24

Fig. 4.26

'Tourism time-bomb': Reproduced from the New Internationalist

'Caddies and coral': Reproduced from the New Internationalist

Layout diagram: Senggigi Beach Hotel Notices: Senggigi Beach Hotel

Tourist visting Thailand: Tourist Authority of Thailand

Ao Ton Sai (Ton Sai Beach) Ko Phi Phi Don: Ben Beinsenn

'Three "slices" of Samui': Some informa­tion supplied by Richard Nebesky, Lonely Planet Publications

'Drugs, sex and beach bars': Doreen Taylor, the Age 'Extra'

Panoramic view of Hat Rin, Ko Pha-Ngan: Ben Beinsenn

Ko Tao: Pisit Jiropas

Sonaisali Island Resort, Fiji: Lindsay Holthouse

Yosemite: Heather McElroy and Kerry Marshall

Rob Tonge & Associates, Tourism Trends and Opportunities 1993 and-Beyond, Gull Publishing Pty Ltd, Coolum Beach, 1993

Rob Tonge & Associates: Tourism Trends and Opportunities 1993 and Beyond, Gull

Publishing Pty Ltd, Coolum Beach, 1993 Three advertisements: Guides to Adven­ture, Darling Downs Unilink Limited and Frontier Camel Tours Pty Ltd

Four-wheel-driving in Himalayas: John Townsend, AusAID

Australian Formula One Grand Prix Cir­cuit: Australian Grand Prix Promotions

'Flying to the future': The Advertiser, Ad­elaide

Space Shuttle: Mark M. Lawrence, The Stock Market, Stock Photos Pty Ltd

'Code of ethics for tourists': Australian Catholic Relief and the Australian Council of Churches

Two brochure extracts: One World Travel Tours

Pakistan-temple visitors: John Townsend, AusAID

Australia's regions and their ecotourism characteristics: J. E. Binnion

'Happy twenty-first!': Penny Figgis, Vice-President, Australian Conservation Foun­dation and Director, Australian Tourist Commission, 1988-93

Ba Yei, ba Tawana and ova Herero peo­ple: Tedi Paul, Queensland

vii

'African oasis': The Advertiser, Adelaide Okavango Delta: Tedi Paul, Queensland

Fig. 5.32

Victoria Falls: Greg Knaggs, Warradale, South Australia

Maasai people: Margaret Calder Regulations at Masai Mara National Re­ serve: Masai Mara National Reserve 'Tackling a safari': The Advertiser, Adelaide Himalayas: John Townsend, AusAID Fig. 5.34

Yosemite: Heather McElroy and Kerry Marshall

Fig. 5-1 Two photos of Monkey Mia: Keith McElroy

and Jenny Blitvich Fig. 5-2 The vessel 2000. Fantasea Reefworld Fig. 5.5 Kangaroo Island's remnant vegetation in 1993: Ecoaction: Kangaroo Island Environ­ mental Journal, Issue No. 3 Fig. 5.7 Maps of Kangaroo Island: Kangaroo Island Fig 5.8 Tourism Policy by the Kangaroo Island

Tourism Working Party April 1991, Tour­ism South Australia

Fig. 5-9 Statement reproduced from Kangaroo Is­land Tourism Policy. Tourism South Aus­tralia

Fig. 5.10 'Development of the bush': The Advertiser,

Adelaide

Fig. 5.12 'Tandanya development - conditions': The

Islander, Kangaroo Island

Fig. 5.13 'Community split over Tandanya develop­ment': The Islander, Kangaroo Island

Fig. 5.15 Letter: Kangaroo Island Care Group, and South Australia's Native Vegetation Coun­cil

Fig. 5.16 Letter: South Australia's Department of Housing and Urban Development, and Kangaroo Island Care Group

Fig. 5.17 Letter: The Islander, Kangaroo Island

Fig. 5-18 Notice: South Australian Government Gazette, Issue No. 5, Government Printer, South Australia

Tbl. 5.2 Eight examples of submissions made on the Tourist Accommodation (Tandanya) Zone to the District Council, Kingscote

Fig. 5-20 Notice: Kangaroo Island Care Group

Fig. 5.21 Letter: The Islander, Kangaroo Island

Fig. 5.23 Comment: District Council, Kingscote

Fig. 5.24 Comment: District Council, Kingscote

Fig. 5.26 Comment: District Council, Kingscote

Fig. 5.27 Comment: District Council, Kingscote

Fig. 5-30 Three comments: District Council,

Kingscote

Fig. 5.31 Photography by Department of Environ­ment and Natural Resources, South Australia - Resource Information Group

Fig. 5.32 This map is © Commonwealth Copyright, AUSLIG, Australia's National Mapping Agency. It has been reproduced with the permission of the General Manager, Aus­tralian Surveying and Land Information Group, Department of Administrative Serv­ices, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Fig. 5.34 Call for projects for implementing the na­tional ecotourism strategy: The Advertiser, Adelaide

viii

CHAPTER ♦ ONE