4. Translate into Russian:

1) Many families in the province are so poor that they cannot afford to buy textbooks or to pay for their children education to travel to school, so they keep them at home to help on the land or in the house.

2) There is no doubt that a revolt could happen in Iraq if Americans are foolish enough to create an Iraqi government so unpopular that it can enforce its will only at the point of an American gun.

3) Billions of dollars would distort your life in so many ways that they just aren’t worth it.

4) In people with effective enzymes nicotine vanishes rapidly, so they need another cigarette soon.

Clauses of Reason

As, since, because, for, as long as, the reason for, the reason why, on the grounds that

1. Underline the correct item:

1) The road is closed as a result/ because there’s been an accident.

2) For/ Since the meeting has been cancelled, let’s go home.

3) For/ As it is raining outside, let’s take a taxi.

4) For/ Since I don’t know the topic very well, I can’t answer you question.

5) Because/ due to the traffic, I arrived at the office late.

6) Due to the fact/ the reason for that the holiday was a nightmare, I didn’t like it at all.

7) Since/ for Daren has a meeting, he can’t meet our partners.

8) The team lost the game as/ because of their best player was hurt.

9) The reason why/ as long as I don’t like long speeches is because they are boring.

10) The match was cancelled because/ due to the fact that it was raining.

2. Translate into Russian:

1) The general Secretary of Hong Kong Students’ Union said more dormitory spaces were needed because it was often difficult to find affordable housing close to the university.

2) Walter Yuen, vice president for academic development at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University said that they expected that in some aspects their students would lack academic knowledge compared to the previous years because they have less one less year of studying.

3) Because many positions remained unfilled, a third opening for top level and technical personnel was issued on January 14.

4) Belarus has so far refused to publicly ratify a Unified Customs Code, even as the new rules went into effect on Thursday, because it had been holding out for Russian concessions on cancelling its oil export duties.

5) By hiking the transit fees, Belarus may be trying to extract some form of compensation as it now sees no hope of getting Russia to cancel the duties.

6) Belarus had to fill a budget gap that has appeared because of the government’s inability to re-export oil at a profit.

7) A spokesman for the Belorussian parliament said he could neither confirm nor ratify the information on the government’s ratification of the Code, since the press service hadn’t received any official position on the issue.

8) Sistema spokesman Yulia Belous said the company was interested in joining CEMS program because it wants to have a team of world-class managers, and the CEMS program gives students a chance to learn the best global management practices.

9) Students who lack cultural and social capital because they did not come from intact, organized families continue to fall further and further behind – unless they come into contact with some great mentor who can not only teach, but also change their values and behaviour.

10) The popularity of anger is puzzling, not only because the American habit even in the worst of times has traditionally been mindless optimism, but also because there is relatively little nowadays for the nation to be angry about

11) It’s understandable that women with good paychecks have higher standards for their partners, since their superior intelligence, education and income, on average, happen to have more resources.

Clauses of Concession.

Although/ even though/ though + clause

Despite/ In spite of + Noun/ Ing form

Despite/ In spite of the fact + that + Clause

While/ whereas/ but/ on the other hand/ yet + clause

Nevertheless/ However + clause

However/ no matter how + adjective/ adverb + Subject + may + verb

Whatever/ No matter what + clause

Adjective / Adverb + as + Subject + Verb