Grammar. The gerund

Ex.9.Make up your own sentences:

I	insisted on	my	going there.
He	looked forward to	his	being sent there.
The nurse	thought of	her	seeing the operation.
We	objected to	our	being given this task.
You	dreamed of	your	being invited to the party.
Students		their	giving injections.

I	am	pleased with	my	giving injections.
He	is	sure of	your	having said it.
The nurse	are	surprised at	his	having been praised.
We	was	proud of	our	playing so well.
You	were		their	seeing the operation.
Students			Jane’s	having won the match.

Unit 30. Kidney diseases. Nephritis.Urine

Ex.1. Read the words and translate the text:

inflammation – запалення;

nephron – нефрон;

complications – ускладнення;

retention – затримка;

leak out – витікати;

to require – вимагати

Ex.2. Read and memorize the expressions to the text:

autoimmune disorders – автоімун. порушення;

major organs – головні органи;

rare cases – рідкі випадки;

genetically inherited – генетично успадковані;

life-threatening symptoms – загроза для життя;

sudden stroke – раптовий інсульт;

is referred to as – називається;

surgical intervention – хірургічне втручання;

pus accumulation – накопичення гною;

admitted to the hospital – поступати у лікарню;

Nephritis is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys. Nephritis can be caused by infection, but is most commonly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs. In rare cases nephritis can be genetically inherited .Complications. Nephritis is the most common producer of glomerular injury. This can lead to reduced glomerular blood flow, leading to reduced urine output (oliguria) and retention of waste products (uremia). As a result, red blood cells may leak out of damaged glomeruli, causing blood to appear in the urine (hematuria). Nephritis is a serious medical condition which is the eighth highest cause of human death. As the kidneys inflame, they begin to excrete needed protein from the body into the urine stream. This condition is called proteinuria. Loss of necessary protein due to nephritis can result in several life-threatening symptoms. Most dangerous in cases of nephritis is the loss of protein that keeps blood from clotting. This can result in blood clots causing sudden stroke.

Pyelonephritis is an inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney.

It is a form of nephritis that is also referred to as pyelitis. Severe cases of pyelonephritis can lead to pyonephrosis (pus accumulation around the kidney), urosepsis, kidney failure and even death.

Pyelonephritis presents with fever, accelerated heart rate, painful urination, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side. Pyelonephritis requires antibiotic therapy, and sometimes surgical intervention.

Causes Most cases of pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract. Many cases of pyelonephritis start off as lower urinary tract infections, mainly cystitis and prostatitis.

People with acute pyelonephritis that is accompanied by high fever and leukocytosis are typically admitted to the hospital for intravenous hydration and intravenous antibiotic treatment.

Ex.3. Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

Inflammation; nephron; complications; retention; leak out; to require; autoimmune disorders; major organs; rare cases; genetically inherited; life-threatening symptoms; sudden stroke; is referred to as; surgical intervention; pus accumulation; admitted to the hospital

Ex.4. Give the English equivalents:

запалення; нефрон; затримка; вимагати; порушення; генетично успадковані; загроза для життя; раптовий інсульт; хірургічне втручання; накопичення гною; ускладнення; головні органи; рідкі випадки; називається; витікати; поступати у лікарню

Ex.5. Answer the questions:

1. What is nephritis?

2. What is nephritis caused by?

3. What is nephritis the most common producer of?

4. Why is nephritis a serious medical condition?

5. In what can result loss of necessary protein due to nephritis?

6. What is most dangerous in cases of nephritis?

7. What is pyelonephritis?

8. What does pyelonephritis require?

9. How are people with acute pyelonephritis treated?

Ex.6. Say if it is true or false:

1. Nephritis is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys.

2. Nephritis can be caused by infection, but is most seldom caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs.

3. Nephritis is the most common producer of glomerular injury.

4. Nephritis is a serious medical condition which is the second highest cause of human death.

5. Pyelonephritis is an inflammation that results from a urinary tract infection that reaches the pyelum (pelvis) of the liver.

6. PyeIonephritis is a form of nephritis that is also referred to as pyelitis.

7. Pyelonephritis requires antibiotic therapy, and sometimes surgical intervention.

8. Most cases of pyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that enter the urinary tract.

9. People with acute pyelonephritis that is accompanied by high fever and leukocytosis are treated at home.

Urine

The urine is a yellowish liquid that is about 95 per cent water and 5 per cent dissolved solids and gases. The amount of these dissolved elements is indicated by specific gravity. The urine has a specific gravity that normally varies from 1002 (very dilute urine) to 1040 (very concentrated urine). The normal substances, found during the test of the urine, are nitrogenous waste products, electrolytes, and yellow pigment.

Urine examination is one of the most important parts of an evaluation of a person’s physical state. Here is a list of the most significant abnormal substances found in the urine:

1. Glucose (an indicator of diabetes mellitus). The presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria.

2. Albumin (indicates a kidney disorder). The presence of albumin in the urine is called albuminuria.

3. Blood (indicates nephritis or other urinary disorder). The blood in the urine is called hematuria.

4. Ketones are seen in diabetes mellitus or starvation.

5. Pus (гній), white blood cells, is the evidence of infection. Pus in the urine is called pyuria.

6. Casts (циліндри) indicate disease of nephrons.

Ex.7. The following list gives you the suffixes from which most common conditions and operations are derived:

Suffixes:

itis … inflammation of(bronchitis, appendicitis, rhinitis, otitis)

osis … a condition of(tuberculosis, dermatosis)

gram … an X-ray picture of(cardiogram, mammogram)

oma … a reformation of(myoma, papilloma, sarcoma)

Ex. 8. Study pathological terminology:

hypernephroma – renal malevolent tumor of the kidneys which occurs in adults. It is usually metastasizes to the bone, blood and lungs;

glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the kidneys, primarily involving the glomerula; this disease causes destruction of glomerular capillary walls; the complications are renal failure, retention of urea in the bloodstream (uremia);

hydronephrosis – enlargement and distention (swelling) of kidneys due to block of urine outflow ;

pyelitis – inflammation of a kidney pelvis;

nephrolithiasis – the formation of renal calculi (stones) in the renal pelvis;

pyelonephritis – bacterial infection of one or both kidneys usually involving both the pelvis and the functional tissue. Pyuria is found in urinalyses;

polycystic kidney – the formation of numerous fluid filled sacs on and within the kidney;

gout – a disease resulting from a disturbance of uric acid metabolism, characterized by an excess of uric acid in the blood and deposits of uric acid in various tissues, especially in the joints.