Unit 21. Digestive system and digestion.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

carbohydrates – вуглеводи;	bile – жовч;
enzyme – фермент;	potassium – калій;
saliva – слина;	proteins – білки;
gullet – стравохід;	digestion – травлення;
gallbladder – жовчний міхур;	sodium – натрій;
nutrients – поживні речовини;	fats - жири;
cecum – сліпа кишка;	colon – товста кишка;
rectum – пряма кишка;	jejunum – тонка кишка;
ileum – клубова кишка;	fundus - дно

Ex.2. Memorize the expressions to the text:

to be moistered with – зволожуватися;

oral cavity – ротова порожнина;

gastric juice – шлунковий сік;

to be dissolved –розчинятись;

further digestion – подальше травлення;

hydrochloric acid – соляна кислота;

peristaltic waves – перистальтичні хвилі;

small intestine – тонкий кишечник;

the fluid by-products – зріджені відходи продуктів;

large intestine – товстий кишечник;

clear fluid – прозора рідина;

to be attached – кріпитись до;

to be evacuated – виводитись;

Task. Read the text, do the exercises and get ready to speak on the structure of digestive system:

Digestive System and Digestion

The human body needs energy for its functioning. Our body assimilates proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients. The digestion of the starchy parts of food begins in the mouth where it is moistened with saliva. There are the taste receptors in the tongue papillae. In the oral cavity the food must be well chewed between the teeth. Then the food passes through the pharynx and down through the esophagus (gullet) into the stomach. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary tract. It is composed of a fundus, a body and an antrum.

In the stomach the components of food are dissolved and hydrolyzed by enzymes of saliva and gastric juice. Different gastric glands are found in the stomach. They produce hydrochloric acid and pepsin to digest food. The gastric juice secreted by the stomach possesses antibacterial activity.

Further digestion and absorption of food into the blood takes place in the small intestine. The bile comes from the liver and gallbladder by means of special ducts. The pancreatic juice, a colourless clear fluid contains sodium, potassium chlorides and is rich in enzymes which digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Food passes in peristaltic waves from the duodenum to the jejunum and the ileum, which is attached to the large intestine. The products of digestion are absorbed into the blood and lymph. The remaining part of food(the fluid by-products of digestion) from the small intestine pass into the large intestine. It consists of cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), sigmoid colon and rectum. The process of digestion is completed in the large intestine by the absorption of water. The unabsorbed and undigested components of food, the remains of the digesting fluids are evacuated from the body.

Ex.3.Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and words-combinations:

стравохід; шлунковий сік; тонка кишка; зріджені відходи продуктів; товста кишка; подальше травлення; ротова порожнина; слизова оболонка; сік підшлункової залози; натрій та калій; травлення крохмалистих частинок їжі; розчиняються та гідролізуються; залишки їжі; неперетравлені та не всмоктані частинки їжі.

Ex.4. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:

needs energy for its functioning; assimilates proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients; the digestion of the starchy parts of food; it is moistened with saliva; in the oral cavity; are dissolved and hydrolyzed; possesses antibacterial activity; further digestion and absorption of food; the pancreatic juice; passes in peristaltic waves; the large intestine; are absorbed into the blood; the fluid by-products of digestion; the "unabsorbed and undigested components of food.

Ex.5. Match the following word combinations with the

Ukrainian ones:

to be moistened with –	товстий кишечник
the fluid by-products -	соляна кислота
further digestion -	зволожуватися чимось
mucous membrane -	зріджені відходи
large intestine -	подальше травлення
hydrochloric acid -	слизова оболонка
gastric juice -	рецептори смаку
oral cavity -	тонкий кишечник
taste receptors -	ротова порожнина
small intestine -	шлунковий сік

Ex.6.Fill in:

1. Our body …proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients

2. The human body needs ... for its functioning.

3. The digestion of the starchy parts of food begins in ...

4. The food is moistened with ... in the mouth.

5. In the stomach the components of food are ... by enzymes of saliva and gastric juice.

6. The remaining parts of food from the small intestine pass into... .

7. The process of digestion is completed in the large intestine by the... .

8. The unabsorbed and undigested components of food are..

Ex.7. Say if it is true or false:

1. The human body needs energy for its functioning.

2. The digestion of the starchy parts of food begins in the stomach.

3. In the stomach the components of food are dissolved and hydrolyzed.

4. Further digestion and absorption of food into the blood takes place in

the large intestine.

5. The pancreatic juice, a colourless clear fluid contains sodium,

potassium chlorides and is rich in enzymes which digest only proteins.

6. The process of digestion is completed in the large intestine.

7. Food passes in peristaltic waves from the duodenum to the jejunum

and the ileum, which is attached to the large intestine.

Ex.8.Translate into English:

1. Наш організм засвоює білки, жири, вуглеводи та інші корисні

речовини.

2. У шлунку компоненти їжі розчиняються та гідролізуються ферментами слини та шлункового соку.

3. Подальше травлення та всмоктування їжі в кров відбувається в тонкому кишечнику.

4. Залишки їжі з тонкого кишечнику потрапляють у товстий кишечник.

5. Процес травлення завершується в товстому кишечнику всмоктуванням води.

Ex.9. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What does the human body need for its functioning?

2. Where does the digestion of the starchy parts of food begin?

3. What does our body assimilate?

4. Where are the components of food dissolved and hydrolyzed?

5. What takes place in the small intestine?

6. Where is the process of digestion completed?

7. What is evacuated from the body?

Ex.10. Find the English equivalents of the Latin terms:

1. nutritio 2.digestio 3.lingualis 4.mucosus 5.membrana 6cavitas 7.tactus 8.ascendens 9.transversus10.ductus 11.acidus 12.intestinum 13.substantia 14.glandula 15.palatum.16.os, oris.

(a - mucous; b - membrane; c - oral; d - nutrient; e - lingual; f- digestion; g - tactile; h - cavity; I - palate; j - gland; k- substance; l - ascending; m - transverse; n - duct; o - intestine; p - acid).

Ex.11. Skim the text and answer the questions: