Types of cancer

Cancers are classified by their microscopic appearance and the body site from which they arise. Most human cancers are carcinomas. Sar­coma is a general term for any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues. Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming organs char­acterized by rapid growth and distorted development of leuko­cytes. Lymphoma is a malignant disease of lymphatic tissue—for example, lymph nodes.

Grading and Staging Tumours are also classified as Grade I through Grade IV. The more aggressive and dangerous the tumour is, the higher the grade. Staging is another way to describe a tumour. Staging is used to communicate whether a tumour has spread widely. Classifying, grading and staging tumours is done to help physicians and others communicate more clearly about the tumour, to determine treatment recommendations and to better understand the patient's current health and prognosis.

The process of tumor spread is called metastasis. Here is a list of some benign and malignant tumors (the root оmа means tumor): papilloma, adenoma, lipoma, osteoma, myoma, angioma, chondroma, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, glioma.

Task 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is cancer? 2. What kinds of tumors can you name? 3. What is characteristic for a benign tumor? 4. What is characteristic for a malignant tumor? 5. What can you tell about grading of tumors? 6. What is staging? 7. Can you name any names of tumours? 8. What is metastasis?

Unit 10. Human body. Systems. Organs. Cavities.

Ex. 1. Read the words and translate the text:

digestive – травний; to move – рухати; complex – складний; ureter – сечівник; urethra – уретра; substance – речовина

Ex. 2. Match the word combinations:

associated structures	необхідні засоби
chief function	велика кількість
main function	повітряності шляхи
air passages	головна функція
to convey oxygen	пов’язані структури
a large number of	основна функція
necessary means	кровоносні судини
blood vessels	переносити кисень

Systems of the body.

There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligament and cartilages, which joint them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.

The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.

The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nervous ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information.

The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood. Its function is that of transportation system.

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them, and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs and to remove carbon dioxide.

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, the urethra.

The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

The reproductive system includes the external sex organs and all related inner structures that are connected with the production of offspring.

The integumentary system. The word integument means skin. The skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system. It includes the skin and its appendages : hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.

Ex.3. Say if it is true or false.

1. There are eight main systems of the body.

2. The chief function of the skeletal system is transport.

3. The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures.

4. The nervous system consists of the brain and nervous ganglia and receptors.

5. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.

6. The main function of the muscular system is to convey oxygen to the lungs and to remove carbon dioxide.

7. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.

Ex.4. Make up a plan of the text.

Ex.5. Give English equivalents:

1. Її (скелетної системи) основна функція – структурна. 2. Система травлення складається з травного каналу і декількох залоз. 3. Її (дихальної системи) основна функція – переносити кисень до легень і видаляти СО2 . 4. Ендокринна система служить для регуляції різноманітних видів діяльності.

Ex.6. Answer the questions:

What are the functions of the skeletal and the muscular systems? 2. What is carried by the blood stream? 3. What is the function of the respiratory system? 4. What does the endocrine system serve for? 5. Where are hormones produced?