- •1) The subject of theoretical grammar. The scope of linguistics.
- •2) The grammatical structure of the English language.
- •3) Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4) Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •5) The dichotomy of language and speech.
- •6) Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7) Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •8) Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9) The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •10) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •11) Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings.
- •12) Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of opposition as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13) Oppositional analysis. Types of oppositions.
- •15) Grammatical categories in communication. Reduction of grammatical opposition.
- •16) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17) Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18) The noun as a part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19) The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20) The category of case. The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21) The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns. Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22) Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •24) Verbs of complete predication, link verbs, auxiliary verbs.
- •25) Syntagmatic properties of verbs.
- •26) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27) The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28) The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •29) The problem of perfect.
- •30) The category of aspect. Aspect opposition.
- •31) The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32) The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33) Function words in Modern English.
- •34) Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35) Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •36) Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •37) Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •38) Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis.
- •39) General characteristics of the word-group.
- •40) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •41) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •42) Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •43) Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •44) The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •45) Sentence - proposition - utterance - speech act.
- •46) The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •47) The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents analysis.
- •48) The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •49) The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance. The theme and the rheme.
- •50) The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •51) The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •52) Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •53) Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •54) The notion of deixis. Textual deictic markers.
- •55) Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •56) Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •58) Classifications of speech acts.
- •59) Іndirect speech acts.
- •60) The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
11) Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings.
Grammatical meaning – the meaning of the formal membership of a word expressed by the word's form, i.e. the meaning of relationship manifested not in the word itself but in the dependent element which is supplementary to its material part Grammatical meaning is abstract and generalized; it is recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words. The common element in the words kids, tables, types is the grammatical meaning of plurality. Such word forms as girls , writers , tables , etc though denoting different objects of reality have smth in common, namely the grammatical meaning of plurality, which can be found in all of them. Thus, the grammatical meaning is the component of meaning in the wordforms of verbs asked, thought, walked, etc. or the case meaning in the wordforms of various nouns girls, boys, nights .Word forms speaks , reads , writers have one and the same grammatical meaning as they can all be found inidentical distributation, only after pronouns she , he , they and beforesuch adverbs and adverbal phrases as yesterday , last years , two hoursago , etc. Lexical meaning is the meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit. Lexical meaning is the component of word meaning recurrent in all the forms of the word and in all the possible distributions of these forms. The lexical meaning of the word is individual and different for each separate word. The main components of lexical meaning are: denotational (denotative), connotational (connotative) and pragmatic. The denotational meaning of words is the same for all the speakers. It makes communication possible, because it is the realization of the concept by means of the given language. The connotational meaning is optional. It conveys the speaker’s attitude toward what he is speaking about. There are 4 main types of connotations which may occur in a word in different combinations: emotional, evaluative, intensifying (emphatic or expressive), stylistic. The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning is the part of meaning, that conveys information on the situation of communication. The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning is closely connected with the ethno-cultural component some lexical units possess.
12) Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of opposition as the basis of grammatical categories.
Grammatical categories are made up by the unity of that have the meanings have the same form (e.g. singular::plural). Due to dialectal unity of language and thought, grammatical categories correlate, on the one hand, with the conceptual categories and, on the other hand, with the objective reality. Number - count nouns have singular and plural forms. In Modern English the singular form of a noun is unmarked (zero). The plural form is marked by the inflexion -(e)s. Irregular plurals: man, tooth, mouse… Invariable nouns: tea, sugar, gold, news, proper nouns.
Case - shows relation of the noun with other words in a sentence. It is expressed by the form of the noun. English nouns have two cases: the common case (unmarked, it has no inflexion (zero inflexion) and its meaning is very general) and the genitive case (is marked by ‘s).=possessive Gender does not find regular morphological expression. The distinction of male, female, and neuter may correspond to the lexical meaning of the noun: boy, girl, table. Correlation - an action expressed by a perfect form, proceeds some moment in time. /perfect, non-perf/ Aspect - shows the way or manner in which an action is performed, that is whether the action is: perfective, imperfective, momentary (однократное), durative. /common, continuous/ Voice - denoting the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the person or non-person denoted by the subject of the sentence. /active, passive/ Mood - expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to reality from the speaker’s point of view. /indicat, imperat, oblique moods (Subj I,II; Suppositional)/ Tense - expresses the relationship between the time of the action and the time of speaking. /past, pres, future/ Person - expresses the relation of the action and its doer to the speaker, showing whether the action is performed by the speaker (the 1st person), someone addressed by the speaker (the 2nd person) or someone/something other than the speaker or the person addressed (the 3rd person). The relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and external signs is called opposition -book::books (unmarked member/marked member). All grammatical categories find their realization through oppositions, e.g. the grammatical category of number is realized through the opposition singular::plural.