- •1) The subject of theoretical grammar. The scope of linguistics.
- •2) The grammatical structure of the English language.
- •3) Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4) Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •5) The dichotomy of language and speech.
- •6) Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7) Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •8) Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9) The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •10) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •11) Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings.
- •12) Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of opposition as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13) Oppositional analysis. Types of oppositions.
- •15) Grammatical categories in communication. Reduction of grammatical opposition.
- •16) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17) Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18) The noun as a part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19) The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20) The category of case. The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21) The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns. Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22) Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •24) Verbs of complete predication, link verbs, auxiliary verbs.
- •25) Syntagmatic properties of verbs.
- •26) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27) The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28) The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •29) The problem of perfect.
- •30) The category of aspect. Aspect opposition.
- •31) The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32) The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33) Function words in Modern English.
- •34) Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35) Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •36) Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •37) Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •38) Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis.
- •39) General characteristics of the word-group.
- •40) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •41) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •42) Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •43) Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •44) The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •45) Sentence - proposition - utterance - speech act.
- •46) The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •47) The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents analysis.
- •48) The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •49) The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance. The theme and the rheme.
- •50) The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •51) The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •52) Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •53) Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •54) The notion of deixis. Textual deictic markers.
- •55) Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •56) Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •58) Classifications of speech acts.
- •59) Іndirect speech acts.
- •60) The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
45) Sentence - proposition - utterance - speech act.
Sentence is a syntactic level unit, it is a predicative language unit which is a lingual representation of predicative thought (proposition). The utterance as opposed to the sentence is the unit of speech. The main categories of the utterance from the point of view of its informative structure are considered to be the theme and the rheme. They are the main components of the Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) – actual division of the sentence (most language analysts stick to the term “sentence” but actually they mean “utterance”). Speech can be described as an act of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. In more colloquial terms, speech can be described in several different ways: A linguistic act designed to convey information. Various types of linguistic acts where the audience consists of more than one individual, including public speaking, oration, and quotation. The physical act of speaking, primarily through the use of vocal cords to produce voice. See phonology and linguistics for more detailed information on the physical act of speaking. However, speech can also take place inside one's head, known as intrapersonal communication, for example, when one thinks or utters sounds of approval or disapproval. At a deeper level, one could even consider subconscious processes, including dreams where aspects of oneself communicate with each other (see Sigmund Freud), as part of intrapersonal communication, even though most human beings do not seem to have direct access to such communication.
46) The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
A simple sentence contains one subject and one verb. The subject (sometimes called the object) comes before the verb. The verb comes after the subject to describe what the subject is doing or has done.
The singer bowed. Noun phrase / Subject = The singer Verb phrase / Verb = bowed
The baby cried. Noun phrase / Subject = The baby Verb phrase / Verb = cried
The girl ran. Noun phrase / Subject = The girl Verb phrase / Verb = ran
In traditional grammar the noun phrase is called the subject.A simple sentence contains one subject and one verb. The subject (sometimes called the object) comes before the verb. The verb comes after the subject to describe what the subject is doing or has done. Constructional analysis. According to the constructional approach, not only the subject and the predicate but also all the necessary constituents of primary predication constitute the main parts because they are constructionally significant. Therefore, the secondary parts of the sentence are sometimes as necessary and important as the main ones. If we omit the object and the adverbial modifier in the following sentences they will become grammatically.