- •1) The subject of theoretical grammar. The scope of linguistics.
- •2) The grammatical structure of the English language.
- •3) Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4) Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •5) The dichotomy of language and speech.
- •6) Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7) Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •8) Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9) The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •10) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •11) Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings.
- •12) Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of opposition as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13) Oppositional analysis. Types of oppositions.
- •15) Grammatical categories in communication. Reduction of grammatical opposition.
- •16) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17) Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18) The noun as a part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19) The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20) The category of case. The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21) The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns. Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22) Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •24) Verbs of complete predication, link verbs, auxiliary verbs.
- •25) Syntagmatic properties of verbs.
- •26) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27) The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28) The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •29) The problem of perfect.
- •30) The category of aspect. Aspect opposition.
- •31) The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32) The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33) Function words in Modern English.
- •34) Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35) Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •36) Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •37) Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •38) Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis.
- •39) General characteristics of the word-group.
- •40) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •41) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •42) Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •43) Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •44) The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •45) Sentence - proposition - utterance - speech act.
- •46) The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •47) The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents analysis.
- •48) The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •49) The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance. The theme and the rheme.
- •50) The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •51) The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •52) Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •53) Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •54) The notion of deixis. Textual deictic markers.
- •55) Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •56) Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •58) Classifications of speech acts.
- •59) Іndirect speech acts.
- •60) The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
8) Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
Language is regarded as a system of elements (or: signs, units) such as sounds, words, etc. System implies the characterization of a complex object as made up of separate parts (e.g. the system of sounds). Language is a structural system. Structure means hierarchical layering of parts in `constituting the whole. In the structure of language there are four main structural levels: phonological, morphological, syntactical and supersyntatical. The levels are represented by the corresponding level units: The phonological level is the lowest level. The phonological level unit is the`phoneme. It is a distinctive unit (bag – back). The morphological level has two level units: the `morpheme – the lowest meaningful unit (teach – teacher); the word - the main naming (`nominative) unit of language. The syntactical level has two level units as well: the word-group – the dependent syntactic unit; the sentence – the main communicative unit. The supersyntactical level has the text as its level unit. Any linguistic unit is a double entity. It unites a concept and a sound image. The two elements are intimately united and each recalls the other. Accordingly, we distinguish the content side and the expression side. The forms of linguistic units bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. Thus, the English word ‘dog’ happens to denote a particular four-footed domesticated creature, the same creature that is denoted in Ukrainian by the completely different form. Neither form looks like a dog, or sounds like one.
9) The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
Morpheme. is the smallest language unit that carries a semantic interpretation. Morphemes are, generally, a distinctive collocation of phonemes (as the free form pin or the bound form -s of pins) having no smaller meaningful members. Types of morphemes. Free morphemes like town, dog can appear with other lexemes (as in town hall or dog house) or they can stand alone, or "free". Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme, e.g. the plural marker in Bound morphemes like "un-" appear only together with other morphemes to form a lexeme. Bound morphemes in general tend to be prefixes and suffixes. Morphemes existing in only one bound form are known as "cranberry" morphemes, from the "cran" in that very word. Inflectional morphemes modify a word's tense, number, aspect, and so on. (as in the dog morpheme if written with the plural marker morpheme s becomes dogs). Derivational morphemes can be added to a word to create (derive) another word: the addition of "-ness" to "happy," for example, to give "happiness."
10) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create phrases, clauses and sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together is called a compound. As the word is the main unit of traditional grammatical theory, it serves the basis of the distinction which is frequently "drawn between morpfiology and syntax. Morphology deals with the internal structure of words, peculiarities of their grammatical categories and their semantics while traditional syntax deals with the rules governing combination of words in sentences (and texts in modern linguistics). We can therefore say that the word is the main unit of morphology. It is difficult to arrive at a one-sentence definition of such a complex linguistic unit as the word. It is also the basic nominative unit of language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized. One of the most characteristic features of the word is its indivisibility. As any other linguistic unit the word is a bilateral entity. It unites a concept and a sound image and thus has two sides - the content and expression sides: concept and sound form.