I can see well enough. Я хорошо всё вижу.

ЗАМЕТЬТЕ

Need употребляется в качестве смыслового глагола и переводится нуждаться, требоваться. Need имеет обычные формы спряжения и употребляется в настоящем, прошедшем и будушем вре мен и.

Не needs much money. Не wants Ему нужно много денег. Он хо-

to buy а саг. чет купить машину.

They needed a long rest. Они нуждались в длительном отдыхе.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются как без вспомогательного глагола, так и при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does для Present Indefinite.

Need she come here? Нужно ли ей приходить сюда?

You needn’t hurry. Вам не надо спешить.

Не needn’t get up so early. Ему не нужно вставать так рано.

Do you need my help? — Вам нужна моя помощь? —

No, I don’t need your help. Нет, мне не нужна ваша помощь.

I shall need your advice. Мне нужен будет ваш совет.

You don’t need a new саг. Тебе не нужна новая машина.

I didn’t need money. Мне не нужны были деньги.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы прошедшего времени образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do в прошедшем времени — did (did not (didn’t) need и did I (you и т. д.) need?

Did you need my help? Тебе нужна была моя помощь?

I didn’t need your help any Мне не нужна была больше

longer. твоя помощь.

В отношении будущего времени в вопросительных и отрицательных формах возможно употребление need в Present Indefinite (need I? и т. п., needn’t I?...) или же Future Indefinite (shall I need?, will he need? и т. п., shan’t/won’t need).

Need I go there at once? Надо ли мне пойти туда сейчас же?

Shall I need this book? Мне нужна будет эта книга?

Глагол ought

Глагол ought не имеет формы инфинитива и не спрягается по лицам. Употребляется с инфинитивом с частицей to и соотносит действие с настоящим, прошедшим и будущим временем. Отрицательная форма ought not (oughtn’t), вопросительная — ought I? ought he? На русский язык переводится как следует, должен, следовало бы и т. п.

You ought to repair your Тебе следовало бы починить

hall door. входную дверь

ЗАМЕТЬТЕ разницу между конструкциями

ought + Indefinite Infinitive и ought + Perfect Infinitive

O ught + Indefinite Infinite выражает обязательность, моральный долг или совет и относится к настоящему или будущему времени. Но, в отличие от must, have to и should, говорящий только напоминает основному лицу (подлежащему) о его долге, дает ему совет или показывает, как правильно поступить. 

You ought to help your mother. Тебе следует помогать матери.

You ought to obey your parents. Вам следует слушаться родителей.

You oughtn’t to eat between Тебе не следует есть между

meals; it will make you fat.— приёмами пищи; от этого и полнеешь.—

Ought + Perfect Infinitive употребляется по отношению к прошедшему времени и указывает на невыполнение долга или обязательства или на разумное действие, которым пренебрегли.

I ought to have taken those Я должен был возвратить эти

books back to the library last week. книги в библиотеку на прошлои неделе.

Now they are overdue and I shall have to pay a fine.

Теперь они просрочены, и я вынужден буду заплатить штраф.

You ought to have waited till the lights were green before crossing the street.

Прежде чем переходить улицу, вам следовало бы подождать, пока на светофоре не загорится зелёный свет.

You oughtn’t to have crossed Вам не следовало переходить

the street when the lights were улицу, пока на светофоре был красный свет.

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

MODAL VERBS

1. Переведите предложения. Назовите модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты и объясните их употребление.

1. a) My daughter can read and speak English now. b) She could read but couldn’t speak English last year, c) This task is too difficult but the boys are able to do it, I think, d) They are able to finish their work in time. 2. a) May I take the key to open the study? b) He was allowed to take a new magazine for two days, c) Will you be allowed to take part in the competition? 3. a) You must rewrite your homework again, b) As she lives far from school she has to get up early, с) I was so tired yesterday that I had to go to bed at 10 o’clock. 4. a) I am to meet him at noon, b) They were to wait for me at the library. 5. a) We should do our morning exercises to be strong and healthy, b) You should buy a new umbrella, c) You ought to put on a coat, it’s cold today.

2. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами.

1. Mike is looking for a job. He... paint walls, he... fix motors and he... repair locks. 2. Nick... do his homework because he was very tired. Jane... to do her homework because she... take care of her baby sister. 3. Small children... play with matches. 4. My parents think that my hair... be shorter, my friends... be more polite when they come to our house and I... get better marks at school. 5. Jane doesn’t go to school today and she... not go to school tomorrow. She thinks she... have pneumonia.

3. Переведите следующие диалоги. Обратите внимание на употребление модальных глаголов.

I. А — We can walk to the museum, can’t we?

В — Yes, but we might be late, Ann.

I think we ought to take a taxi.

A — We haven’t got to take a taxi.

We can go by Tube, can’t we?

В — Yes, we can, but there isn’t

a Tube station near the museum.

A — Yes, there is.

В — Good. We might get there more quickly by Tube than by taxi.

A — You might be right.

В — Oh, I might be wrong.

II. A — I want to take a photo.

В — You can’t take photos in the museum.

A — Who can?

В — No one can.

4. Поставьте следующие предложения в Past и Future Indefinite.

1. The students have to work hard. 2. We can come back on Friday. 3. You can come to the gym any time you like. 4. Are you able to walk 5 kilometers an hour? 5. I am able to solve some problems. 6. You have to do this exercise once more. 7. She can play chess. 8. We have to call a doctor. 9. We must know the history of our country.

5. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. Не can skate well. My friend can play the piano. She could translate this text. They are able to work the whole light day. 2. You may borrow a bicycle for Sunday. I might go to the cinema after classes yesterday. 3. You must help your little brother. This morning I have to go to the doctor. We had to go there yesterday. 4. We were to see our friend at the hospital. We are to help him. He is to recover. 5. Athletes should train 6 times a week. You should have a rest.

6. Составьте предложения с глаголами can, may, must. Используйте данные ниже слова и словосочетания.

Образец:

— I can take you to the Zoo.

— You may take your little brother with us.

— We must be there at 6 o’clock.

(to help, to repair, to come in, to go out, to turn on, to turn off, to have dinner, to take part in, to take care of)

7. Скажите, что вы можете и что не можете делать. Используйте to be able to в Present, Past и Future Indefinite.

Образец 1:

— I am able to work hard.

— I was able to go shopping after work.

— I shall be able to help you tomorrow.

(to do the homework in the evening, to get to your place by underground, to go to see you after school, to buy a nice present, to cook a good dinner, to learn two foreign languages, to speak with a foreigner, to get up at 5 o’clock and go to work)

Образец 2:

— Will you be able to fly to Moscow?

— Unfortunately, I won’t be able to fly to Moscow.

(to look after little children, to repair my refrigerator, to run round the stadium, to drive a car, to work ten hours a day, to train six times a week, to walk up to the sixth floor)

8. Выразите свое согласие, отвечая на вопросы. Используйте глаголы в скобках и выражение as much as you like (need) или as many as you like (need).

Образец:

— Can you lend me some money? (take)

— Certainly, take as much as you like (need).

1. Can you lend me some coffee? 2. Can you lend me some sugar? 3. Can I have some more tea? 4. Can I have some more butter? 5. Can I bring some friends to your concert?

9. Составьте диалоги no образцу.

I. A. I’d like to buy a bicycle, (piano, skates, car, motorcycle)

B. Can you ride? (drive, play chess, skate, ski...)

A. Yes, I can

II. A. May I have this pencil? (pen, book, toothbrush, soap, comb, cup, glass, plate, dictionary)

B. Yes, you may. (No, you can’t)

III. A. Must I read this text? (get up, bring smth, leave for,

take away, call smb., learn by heart, write, translate, go away, clean, wash)

B. Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t)

10. Объясните, что означают данные ниже объявления.

Образец 1:

— What does the sign «No Smoking» mean?

— It means that you can’t smoke here.

A. 1. What does the sign «No Swimming» mean? 2. What does the sign «Do not Walk on the Grass» mean? 3. What does the sign «No Parking» mean? 4. What does the sign «Private» mean?

Образец 2:

— What does the sign «Free Car Park» mean?

— It means that you can park here if you want to.

B. 1. What does the sign «Safe for Swimming» mean? 2. What does the sign «Public Lawn» mean? 3. What does the sign «Open to the Public» mean? 4. What does the sign «Dancing Permitted» mean?

11. Спросите у своего собеседника, что он может делать сейчас и мог ли он это делать раньше. При необходимости используйте слова в скобках

Образец 1:

— Can you play chess?

— Yes, I can.

— Could you play chess at the age of 7?

— No, I couldn’t.

Образец 2

— Can you play football?

— No, I can’t.

— Why can’t you play football? It’s so popular with boys.

— I don’t like this game. I can play volleyball.

(to play rugby, to play tennis, to swim, to dive, to cook, to draw, to paint, to dance, to bake apple pies, to fix a radio, to repair shoes, a watch, a radio, a TV set)

12. Объясните, почему ваши друзья не смогли сделать то, о чем вы их просили

Образец 1:

— Could Nick fix the door-bell yesterday?

— No, he could’t. He came too late.

Ann — to go to the museum — ill (sick)

Peter — to repair their clock — to be busy

Jane — to get a gold medal — to have good marks Your friend — to give good advice — to be out of the city

Образец 2:

— Was your brother able to do his homework himself?

— No, he wasn’t. It was too difficult for him.

Your friend — to make a big birthday party — expensive

Jane — to take a taxi so as not to be late — too expensive

Your mother — to water the flowers in the garden — cold

Your sister — to meet us after the concert — dark

Your brother — to take my case — heavy

Your parents — to go to the summer-house — rain

13. Скажите о своих намерениях. Используйте глагол might в значении предположения.

Образец:

— What are you going to do after classes?

— I might go to the library.

1. What are you going to do tonight? 2. What are you going to cook for your birthday party? 3. Where are you going to spend your holiday? 4. How are you going to get to your relatives? 5. What are you going to do after school?

14. Скажите вашим друзьям, что вас беспокоит их здоровье. На основе образца дайте несколько полезных советов.

Образец:

A. — Ann, I am really worried about your figure.

B. — Really? Should I stop eating fat meat?

A. — You must stop eating fat meat.

1. heart; stop working at night. 2. headache; start walking in the open air. 3. teeth; stop eating sweets, visit the dentist. 4 stomachache; stop eating unwashed fruit.

15. Дайте совет своему другу и аргументируйте его. Образец:

A. Should I buy a bicycle or a motorcycle?

В. I think you should buy a bicycle.

A. Why?

B. A bicycle is cheaper.

1. to buy, black-and-white TV set, colour TV set — cheap, expensive. 2. to buy, chairs, armchairs for the summer-house — comfortable. 3. to make a warm dress, a summer dress — it is warm (cold). 4. to buy, a refrigerator, a washing machine — you need more money. 5. to go, the cinema, the theatre — new, interesting... 6. to buy, brown, white bread — I like.., useful. 7. to put on, trousers, a skirt — warmer, stylish.

16. Вы знаете недостатки своего друга. Посоветуйте ему избавиться от них.

Образец:

— You shouldn’t eat much sugar.

— Why?

— If you eat much sugar you’ll get diabetes.

1. to eat many sweets (much candy) — to get a toothache. 2. to eat much fat food — to be fat. 3. to cry at the child — to be nervous. 4. to use a lot of cosmetics — to have many wrinkles.

5. to go to bed late — to be tired in the morning. 6. to work slowly and carelessly — to lose the job. 7. to use the lift (elevator) always — to have tachycardia (weak heart). 8. to go without a coat and a cap — to be ill, to catch a cold.

17. Объясните своему собеседнику, почему вы не смогли сделать то, что хотели сделать.

Образец:

— Were you at the stadium yesterday? (Did you go to the stadium yesterday?)

— Unfortunately, I was not able to go there. I had to work at home.

at the volleyball game — to go to the clinic

at the party — to prepare for my exams

at the cinema — to work at the library

in the swimmimg-pool — to go to the dentist

at school — to look after my little sister

at the theatre — to finish my work