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IV. A few facts from the history of big cities

again снова

already уже

bank берег

big большой

both оба

call называть

choice выбор

from из, от

if если

inside внутри

map карта

old старый

over более

place место

ring кольцо

side сторона

street улица

tower башня

town город

very очень

wall стена

when когда

a few несколько

abbey аббатство

beauty красота

between между

brick кирпич

cathedral собор

church церковь

cross пересекать

fortress крепость

go by проходить

in place of вместо

invade вторгаться

like подобно, как

never никогда

outside снаружи

round вокруг

settle поселяться

similarity сходство

stone камень

there там, туда

unlike в отличие от

what что, какой

across через, поперек

business дело, занятие, бизнес

century век, столетие

chiefly главным образом

choose - chose - chosen выбирать

compare [ kəm'рεə] сравнивать

convenient [kən'vi:niənt] удобный

dissimilar непохожий

enormous огромный

erection установка, сборка, монтаж

far далекий, далеко; намного

gradually постепенно

ground земля, площадка

hear - heard - heard слышать

leadledled вести, руководить

part часть, деталь, участие, роль

plan [plæn] план, планировать

prince принц, князь

resident постоянный житель

Roman ['roumən] римлянин

see – saw – seen видеть

surround [sə'raund] окружать

market рынок, базар

as как, в качестве, так как, когда, в то время как

Thames [temz] Темза wooden деревянный

late последний, недавний, поздний, поздно

location [lou'keiòn] размещение, расположе­ние

existence существование

history [′histəri] история

form образовывать, формировать; форма

growgrewgrow расти, возрастать

replace [ ri 'pleis] заменять

runranrun бежать

magnificent великолепный, величественный

site площадка, участок, местоположение

give - gave - given давать

same тот же самый, одинаковый take part in принимать участие

around [ə¢raund] вокруг, всюду, около, за

City Сити (исторический центр Лондона)

fact обстоятельство, факт, событие, явление

change [teindʒ] изменять, изменение

English Channel пролив Ла-Манш

AD [ei'di:] Anno Domini После Рождества Христова, ... нашей эры

BC [bi'si:] Before Christ До Рождества Христова, до нашей эры

London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Ceasar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain in the middle of the first century BC, people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river Thames. Like many other very old cities,¹ London was never planned. It grew around two centres - a fort, the Romans built on one bank of the Thames, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London, the country's business centre, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. By the middle of the first century AD² London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Roads leading to other towns had changed into streets, market grounds became squares. London was growing.

At about the same time in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by a prince on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient location in the middle of a magnificent forest on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later became the capital of the Russian state. If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them.

Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its centre, which has been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one. The fortress was chiefly built of white stone and got the name of "White-stone Moscow". Later in place of the old "white-stone" wall a new wall was built with far more massive walls and towers. Russian and Italian architects took part in the erection of the new buildings. Palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as³ the Kremlin. Now again, new houses were built around this centre, forming enormous rings, and the roads to other towns gradually changed into streets running across them.

Notes: 1. подобно многим другим очень старым городам

2. к середине первого века нашей эры

3. образуя то, что сейчас известно как

C O N T E N T S

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ…………………………………………………………..3

ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ………………………………………………3

Объем текстового материала……………………………………………………….....4

ТРЕБОВАНИЯ НА ЗАЧЕТЕ И ЭКЗАМЕНЕ ………………………………………...4

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1…………………………………………………...5

ВАРИАНТ 1…………………………………………………………………………….....6

ВАРИАНТ 2…………………………………………………………………………….....9

ВАРИАНТ 3……………………………………………………………………………...11

ВАРИАНТ 4……………………………………………………………………………...15

ВАРИАНТ 5……………………………………………………………………………...18