The Modal Verb To Be to

It is used in the present and past, never in the future (to have to is used in this case).

To be to is used to express:

1. pre-arranged ne­cessity or mutual arrangement.

• He is to come at exactly five.

• She was to phone after dinner.

• They'll have to meet in court.

Note: A perfect infinitive after the verb to be to shows that the action had been planned but wasn't carried out.

• He was to have come at seven and now it's already nine. (He didn't come).

Compare:

• She was to do it. (Maybe she did it.)

• She was to have done it. (But she didn't do it.)

2. Order, command.

• You are to report to the Captain.

• You are to say nothing about it.

In negative sentences it expresses prohibition.

• You are not to mix with these people under any circumstances.

In questions to be to means asking for instructions.

• What are we to do? Am I to follow you?

3. something that is destined to happen. It is rendered in Russian by суждено. It is mainly found in the past tense and its application is limited to narration. It occurs in affirmative and negative sentences and is followed by the simple infinitive.

• It was to happen.

• She was to become his wife.

4. possibility. In this meaning to be to is equivalent to can or may. It is used in all kinds of sentences in the present and past tenses and is followed by the passive infinitive.

• Her father was often to be seen in the bar of the Hotel Metropolis.

• Where is he to be found?

• Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.

To be to may be used in if-clauses. The main clause expresses a precondition – something that must happen first if something else is to happen.

• If we are to get there by dinnertime we had better hurry up.

To be to + Passive Infinitive is often found in notices and instructions (sometimes only the passive infinitive is used in this case).

• This cover is not to be removed.

• To be taken three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle)

Note the following set phrases with the modal verb to be to:

• What am I to do? – Что мне делать? Как мне быть?

• What is to become of me? – Что со мной станется? Что со мной будет?

• Where am I to go? – Куда же мне идти? Куда же мне деваться?

• Who is to blame? – Кого винить?

• What is to be done? – Что теперь делать?

• Who is to begin? – Кому начинать?

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to be (to) [bJ] в модальном значении выражает необходимость совершения действия, обусловленную планом, расписанием; приказанием, инструкцией; предварительной договоренностью –должен, нужно.

Употребляется в настоящем (am/is/are + простой инфинитив) и прошедшем времени (was/were + простой или перфектный инфинитив) с последующим инфинитивом смыслового глагола с частицей to. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модального to be образуются, как и во всех других случаях, без вспомогательного do.

Признак наличия модального to be: если сказуемое состоит из глагола to be (am/is… и т.п.) и инфинитива, а подлежащее может быть носителем действия, выраженного инфинитивом, то глагол to be является модальным.

В настоящем: am / is / are + Indefinite Infinitive (простой инфинитив):

I am to meet him in the evening.	Я должен встретить его вечером  (так решено)
He is to come here at 6 o’clock.	Он должен прийти сюда в 6 часов.
The expedition is to start in a month.	Экспедиция должна начаться через месяц.
We are to start off at dawn.	Мы отправляемся (должны отправиться) на рассвете.
They are to come at 5 o’clock.	Они должны прийти в пять.

Модальный глагол to be (to) употребляется в приказаниях, распоряжениях и инструкциях:

They are to begin this work at once.	Они должны начать работу немедленно.
You are to take your things and leave immediately.	Ты должен взять свои вещи и немедленно уехать.

 Вопросы и отрицания:

Am I to do it?	Я должна/(обязана) делать это?
Yes, you are.	Да (обязана).
No, you are not.	Нет, не обязана.
Who is to arrange the meeting?	Кто должен организовать встречу?
You are not to leave before I come back.	Ты не должен уходить до моего возвращения.

 

Примечание: Модальный глагол to be (to) в сочетании с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге, выражает возможность (как глагол can):

Nothing is to be done.	Ничего нельзя сделать.
There was no taxi to be found at that late hour.	В тот поздний час невозможно было найти такси.

В прошлом:

а)  was / were + Indefinite Infinitive, эта форма не показывает произошло ли намеченное/запланированное действие.

I was to see the doctor at 2 o’clock.	Я должен был пойти/(повидать) к врачу в два часа.
He was to meet her.	Он должен был встретить ее.
They were to come at 5 o’clock.	Они должны были  прийти в пять.

б)  was / were + Perfect Infinitive, эта форма показывает, что намеченное/запланированное действие не произошло, не осуществилось.

He was to have arrived yesterday.	Он должен был приехать вчера. (но не приехал)
He was to have met her.	Он должен был встретить ее. (но не встретил)

Примечание: Различия в значении долженствования.

а) should и ought (to) являются более слабыми, менее категоричными формами долженствования, чем глагол must:

You must see a dentist.	Ты должен (немедленно) пойти к зубному врачу.
You should see a dentist.	Тебе следует пойти к зубному врачу.
You ought to see a dentist.	Тебе следовало бы сходить к зубному врачу(проконсультироваться).

б)  два заменителя must: to have (to) и to be (to) имеют значение должен с разными оттенками долженствования, например:

I must go there.	Я должен (обязательно, мне нужно) поехать туда.
I am to go there.	Я обязан (должен по плану, по договоренности) поехать туда.
I have to go there.	Я вынужден поехать туда. (должен вместо Н., который заболел)

 Exercise 1. Translate the sentences with the modal verb to be to denoting necessity as a result of a previously ar­ranged plan, general agreement, timetable.

1. He remembered then that she had promised to come that afternoon to hear the final arrangements for their marriage, which was to take place at a reg­istry office. 2. Rosemary was to meet me at Oxford and drive me to Rembers. 3. "Will I see you again?" — "It's likely. I'm to be at the hotel for another week." 4. They are to lunch here, it seems. 5. It is arranged, my friend. We are to call on Mademoiselle at End House at half past six. 6. The film was to be dubbed later, he told me. 7. I was busy of course; I had a couple of long talks with my Minister and I think we've settled every­thing. I'm to sail at the beginning of September. 8. The day arrived when Edward was to make his first address in the Blackstable hall. 9. Finally a deputation waited on him to propose that he should stand for the Country Council election that was short­ly to be held. 10. At four they were to dine, and at six to set off on their return. 11. "It is my secretary — that charming young girl you saw tonight — if she could accompany you on your expe­dition." — "I should have to consult my son. My neph­ew and his wife are to accompany us. It was to have been a family party."

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences with the modal verb to be to denoting necessity as a result of orders or instructions.

1. "That train's coming in now, sir," said the ticket collector... People began to materialize very rapidly at the barrier, and I concentrated on my, as it now seemed impossible, task of recognizing the person I was to meet. 2. The servants want to know if they are to put the carpets on the terrace for tonight. 3. So I'm to be placed in your care, am I? 4. A note enclosed said if I ever ran into their son I was to write and tell them all about it. 5. Did I not impress upon you that you were to eat nothing that came from outside. 6. I had hardly seen Poirot all day. He had been out for dinner but had left me a message that I was to be at End House at nine o'clock. 7. Mrs. Townsend greeted them in her casual fashion and looking at a list told Walter whom he was to take in to dinner. 8. Emily had always given out quite openly that at her death her money was to be divided between her nieces and her nephew. 9. After a legacy to Ellen and one to a former cook, all her property was to be divided be­tween the children of her brother Tomas and the chil­dren of her sister Arabella. 10. Narracot smiled, then again mentioning that Evans was to wait, he proceeded on his tour of inspection. 11. After ten days he told me I was to go back to Lon­don.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences with the modal verb to be to denoting something which is destined to happen.

1. But where will we ourselves go? What is to hap­pen to us? 2. "Grandma," she said in a startled voice. "What, my pet!" "You're not to die," Kezia was very decided. 3. These things are to be ac­cepted, and with these rules, careless of what may befall when the game is finished. 4. Gather the wits, the best is yet to come. 5. "The trainer’s in old friend of mine," — I was to find out that Fabian had old friends all over the globe and in all professions. 6. We must find the motive if we are to under­stand this crime! 7. Am I to take it that you are absolutely serious? Do you want to take the ex-Ireme step of separating from your husband?

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences with the modal verb to be to denoting possibility.

1. For weeks and even months Market Basing was to talk of nothing else! 2. He dropped the sub­ject. And yet, without detectives what was he to do? 3. If we're all to be plunged into industrial struggles again, how are we to get on with Foggar-tism? 4. On this occasion our friend, the ter­rier, was not to be seen, but the sound of barking could be heard inside the house, though at some dis­tance. 5. But where was he to go by himself? I le could not go abroad alone. 6. But how was t to guess the wreched thing would blow up this way? 7. She was to be seen at every race-meeting sur­rounded by admirers; of course she had a box at the opera, and at Hoamburg attracted the most august attention!

Exercise 5. State the meaning of the modal verb to be to in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Rus­sian.

1. I suppose you have been telling our young friend, Gerald, what his new duties are to be, and giving him a great deal of good advice. 2. "First," I said, "if I am to marry you, I would like to be sure that my brother is provided for." 3. Basil got up. "You’d better give the cheque to your brother at once. Say that I don't wish to see him." "Isn't he to come here any more, Basil?" 4. The next day, just before the family was to leave for the railroad station, Eliza­beth Noble called her son into the kitchen. 5. "You're going to sit next to Basil," answered Miss Ley "Frank Hurell is to take you down." 6. It was t«, be hoped that Julius would arrive better provided' 7. Give her orders: that's enough for her. Eli­za, you are to live for the next six months, learning how to speak beautifully. 8. Miss Ley was wait­ing in the hall, and very quietly the two women walked to the church where the marriage was to take place. 9. On the next day they were going to Cornwall together for their usual midsummer holiday. They were to be accompanied... by a third girl — a minor friend of Louisa, a slight acquaintance of Helena. 10. As I was to find out, as long as she was fed_: and admired and taken to interesting places, she asked no questions. 11. No one said a word. How was I to know that I was going to meet a raging beauty? 12. I asked who was to be my partner. 13. The man: "I haven't closed my eyes for forty-eight hours." Raina: "But what am I to do with you? You see, sleep or no sleep, you can always do a thing when you know it must be done." 14. Mr. Mark Twain, who was to make such a blighting speech at the mass meeting of the Independents last time, didn't come in time. 15. She was wearing her gold-coloured frock for, having been displayed at the dinner-party, a soi­ree, and a dance, it was now to be worn at home. 16. How much would Mr. Blount pay? If he doesn't make an offer, how am I to know whether it would pay us to accept it or not?

Exercise 6. Use the proper form of the infinitive in brack­ets after the modal verb to be to.

1. Charlie was still at large and he — Raina — was (to take) back to hospital in a police car. 2. Lora Hlingworth: "What letter is this?" Mrs. Arbuthnot:' You are not (to open) it. I forbid you to open it. It was not (to send). 3. "Oh, come on, you girls," said the boy. "And mind — you're not (to look) at your cards. You've got to keep your hands under the table till I say 'Go'." 4. Once Althea was his wife she would have to give in. And they were (to marry) tomorrow. Well, if she could fight, he could fight too. 5. She and Carton were (to meet) there, they both had an order to view the same house, and if they took such elaborate precautions to make their meet­ing appear accidental they have must suspected they were followed. 6. My dear Catherine, I tell you I've looked there. Am I (to believe) my own eyes or not?' 7. He was also (to see) seated on a throne-like gilt chair in a stone hall lit by candela­bra. 8. It was the first confirmation Poirot had that Clara's belief was (to depend) upon. 9. Mrs. Gerhardt was (to hear) immediately what hap­pened. 10. Dr. Donaldson was (to dine) with them that night. 11. "I am (to have) the privilege of sitting next to you," he said. 12. "I don't know exactly where Charles is (to find)," he said. 13. No word had reached Basil that proceedings were (to take) and his first knowledge of the affair came with the morning paper and his eggs and bacon. 14. This entirely agreed with Reggie's ideas, and since he was not (to pay) the bill, he took care to order, the champagne he liked best. 15. Raina: "You want one to save you, don't you?" The Man: "But how is it (to do)?" 16. Am I (to understand) that my proposal was not worthy of your con­sideration? 17. But how was I (to guess) the wretched thing would blow up this way? 18. I want to know on what terms this girl is (to be) here. Is she (to have) any wages? And what is (to become) of her when you've finished your teaching? You must look ahead a little. 19. "I thought I was (to give) some fish for supper, Nora?" — "Harry, I meant to give you same but I was prevented from going out."

Exercise 7. State whether the verb to be to is a modal verb, a notional verb, a link verb or an auxiliary verb.

1. His plan was to drive straight up to the house. 2. She said that mother was awake and was delighted to hear that Martha had come to see her. 3. Bosinney was waiting for him at the door, and on his rugged, good-looking face was a queer, yearning, yet happy look. 4. "When are you to be married?" asked Miss Ley, after a pause. 5. My advice, Shirl, is to stay away from the law. 6. No one else is to be admitted, under any circumstances. 7. Mrs. Bramwell prided her­self upon being a hostess,... and her idea of "making things go" was to talk and laugh a great deal. 8. The entire sum of money is to be converted to bank notes of small denomination. 9. I was silent. My sympathy was too acute to be put into words. 10. …. how many times am I to go over all this? 11. "Is Mrs. Franklin interested in her husband's work?" I asked. 12. ….she went off with Franklin to the lab as usual directly after breakfast, and it was clear that they were to have an arduous and busy day there. 13. He was star­tled and amazed. At last the tears ran from his eyes. And the worst of it was that, though you hated Strickland, and the exhibition was horrible, it was impossible, not to laugh.

Exercise 8. Refer the following sentences to the past. Make all the necessary changes.

1. What am I to say to her? Nothing can console her. 2. You are not to tell her any bad news that may worry her. 3. Am I to believe that you know nothing about this letter? 4. My friend is to meet me at the metro station and then we shall come to your place together. 5. I am to stay in Moscow for a fortnight. I'll be able to go sightseeing. 6. He is to be at the hotel the whole evening. You can ring him up whenever it is convenient for you. 7. Isn't he to go to the country with us? Fresh air can do him a lot of good. 8. No one is to be admitted into the room of the child except the nurse. His disease is infectious. 9. The meeting is to take place in a week. 10. But what am I to do at your party? I don't know any of your friends. 11. Isn't he to make a report at our conference?

Exercise 9. Change the following sentences by using per­fect infinitive. Show that the action was not carried out.

Example: I was to ring him up at 6 o'clock. I was to have rung him up at 6 o'clock but it * entirely slipped my memory.

1. I was not to stay long at her house. 2. I was not to tell him this news. 3. The conference was to take place in May. 4. I was to write to him about the conference. 5. He was to go to St Petersburg on business. 6. He was to come to our place yesterday. 7. The family was to leave for the railway station early in the morn­ing. 8. He was to buy tickets for the "Swan Lake" be­forehand. 9. I was to send the letter at once. 10. Mark Twain was to change trains in Dijon. 11. Mrs. Page was to pay Manson his salary every fortnight.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences paying at­tention to the constructions in bold type. Make up your own sentences with these constructions.

1. This I was only to learn later. 2. The child was nowhere to be found. 3. Happi­ness is to be found in hard work. 4. I am to go to the Switzerland for a weekend, mountain ski­ing. 5. I concentrated on my task of recogniz­ing the person I was to meet. 6. Walter in the courtyard gave directions where this or that was to be placed. 7. Now Mr. Poirot here whose name I'm very familiar with (and proud we are to have him with us, I'm sure) tells me that to the best of his be­lief you were shot at in the grounds of the Majestic Hotel the other morning. 8. Fabian shrugged, rubbed lovingly at the ends of his moustache, a ges­ture I was to come to recognize as a tic, useful to gain time when he didn't have a ready answer to a ques­tion.

Exercise 11. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb to be to. Make all the necessary changes.

1. What am I expected to say to that? 2. Do you expect me to believe that he was not to blame? 3. It was planned that we should wait for them at the box- office. 4. He is expected to join us at the railway sta­tion. 5. The conference is supposed to be held in Sep­tember. 6. It was arranged that Freddy Hampton would meet Andrew and Christine in the lounge. 7. I expect her to come by the first train. 8. It was ar­ranged that Rosemary would meet me at the bus stop. 9. Am I supposed to understand that the fault is all* mine? 10. How many times do you expect me to tell you that you spoil your child? 11. It is planned that I shall go on business to St Petersburg next month. 12. It is planned that two students from our group will make reports at the conference. 13. You could see Rebecca at all the balls surrounded by crowds of admirers. 14. No one said a word. How could I know that I was going to meet him at your place? 15. Not a sound could be heard in the street. 16. How can we get on with the work? 17. He was destined to live a long and happy life.

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences.

1. It is to be hoped…. 2. Am I to meet you...? 3. Am I to write to your parents and tell them...? 4. What's to happen to us...? 5. What am I to do…. 6. Isn't he to go...? 7. How was I to know...? 8. Am I to say....? 9. Later he was to learn…. 10. Am I to believe...? 11. He has just graduated from the insti­tute and is to go…. 12. What am I to do with....? 13. The child is seriously ill and is.... 14. Am I to understand….? 15. How many times am I to tell you...? 16. How was I to guess…? 17. As I was to find out.... 18. Am I to take it that...? 19. Am I to go to...?

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the modal verb to be to.

1. Mary is leaving for St Petersburg tonight.... 2. The conference is postponed…. 3. Ring me up at 6,…. 4. The train is late…. 5. I want to know if I…. 6. I don't wish to see him, he…. 7. Soon we shall have our vacations. We must plan everything beforehand.... 8. I know that I must do this work but I want to have your instructions….9. Don't blame me. How....? 10. Let's discuss our future conference ... 11. I've told you not to read in bed. How many times….? 12. We shall have a busy day.... 13. According to the plan of the extracurricular work the pupils….

Exercise 14. Make up short dialogues with the following statements.

1. How was I to know that? 2. What am I to say to you? 3. Her train is to arrive at 6. 4. I am to go there by air. 5. Am I to believe my own eyes or not? 6. I didn't know that the conference was to take place so soon. 7. I am to be at my office in an hour. 8. These things are to be accepted. 9. You didn't tell me what my new duties w< то to be. 10. The whole family is to leave for the South in June. 11. What am I to do next? 12. How is it to be done? 13. I am to stay here for a week or two. 14. We are to have a busy day. 15. Who is to meet her? 16. I thought we were to have some ice cream for dessert.

Exercise 15. Translate into English.

1. Я должен приготовить эту работу к четвергу. 2. Я должен ждать свою группу у деканата. 3. Мы договорились пойти в кино вечером. 4. Этой девушке суждено было стать его женой. 5. Я должна была встретиться с ней в 6 часов, но она не пришла. 6. Поезд должен прибыть через 5 минут. Давай поторопимся. 7. Нам не суждено было встретиться до его отъезда во Францию. 8. Позавчера я должен был встречать мою сестру, но мои часы, должно быть, отстали, и я опоздал. 9. Он должен был стать музыкантом, это было решено еще в детстве. 10. Я должен был просмотреть много литературы, чтобы подготовить свой доклад. 11. На этой недели нам предстоит сдать два экзамена. 12. Как мне быть? Что мне делать? 13. Нам предстояло совершить путешествие по красивейшим местам на юге Италии. 14. Кто должен отвечать за это? Что со мной будет? 15. Хранить в прохладном месте, верхний клапан убирать нельзя. (инструкция)

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

1. Я должен доставить вещи на вокзал. Так мы договорились с братом. 2. Ей суждено было побывать в этих краях еще много раз, и она это знала. 3. Ей предстоит сдавать вступительные экзамены через 2 года. 4. Когда должен начаться спектакль? ­­­­­– Как обычно, в 7 часов вечера. 5. Кто должен отвечать за это? 6. Принимать по одной чайной ложке 2 раза в день после еды. (инструкция) 7. Я никуда не выходил вчера, т.к. Джордж должен был позвонить. 8. Посмотри, собирается гроза. Что теперь с нами будет? Мы промокнем до нитки. 9. Во время нашей поездки по Нидерландам мы должны посетить целый ряд музеев, театров, парков и т.д. 10. Если нам надо успеть до начала сеанса, то следует поспешить. 11. Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить! 12. Кому первому выступать на собрании? 13. Это должно было случиться. Никто не мог этому помешать. Кого винить? 14. Вам суждено стать главным исполнительным директором компании. 15. Мы решили, что, прежде всего, мы должны пойти в Тауэр.

Exercise 17. Translate into English.

1. Принимать во время еды, запивая небольшим количеством воды. (инструкция) 2. Когда должен прибыть поезд? – В 2 часа дня ровно. – Кто должен встретить их? 3. Не смей говорить об этом. Я тебе не разрешаю. 4. Собрание должно состояться после подписания договора. 5. И как нам воспринимать твои слова? 6. Им не суждено было встретиться после того несчастного случая. 7. Они должны были поехать в Испанию, но в последний момент передумали. 8. Хранить в темном прохладном месте. (инструкция) 9. В воскресенье утром мы хотели поехать на дачу, но передумали т.к. вечером нам предстояла встреча с друзьями. 10. Они должны были остановиться в гостинице, но свободных мест не было и они остановились у своих знакомых. 11. Я знал, что Фрэнк должен был прийти в клуб. 12. Им суждено было провести медовый месяц в Испании. 13. Кому начинать? 14. Если нам надо успеть Гайд Парк нам следует поторопиться. 15. Он должен был дописать отчет к среде, но не успел.

Exercise 18. Translate into English.

1. Я должна была встретиться с приятельницей в 6 часов, но она почему-то не пришла. 2. Поезд дол­жен прибыть через 5 минут. Давай поторопимся, а то мы пропустим наших друзей в толпе пассажи­ров. 3. Они должны приехать к нам в воскресенье. 4. Собрание должно начаться в 7 ровно. Что я дол­жна сделать? 5. Посмотри, собирается гроза. Что теперь с нами будет!? Мы промокнем до нитки. 6. Кому первому выступать на собра­нии? 7. Как нам воспринимать ваши слова: серьез­но или в шутку? 8. Когда вы должны вернуться из экспедиции? 9. Вы пойдете туда немедленно и все уладите. 10. Они должны были поехать на юг, но в последний момент передумали. 11. Они должны были остановиться в гостинице, но свободных мест не было, и они остановились у знакомых. 12. Он дол­жен был показать нам достопримечательности Киева, но заболел. 13. Мы решили, что, прежде всего мы должны пойти в Британский музей и посмот­реть одну из богатейших библиотек в мире. 14. Мы договорились встретиться в 5 часов, но я опоздал. 15. Мы должны закончить работу к 6 часам, если мы хотим успеть в театр.

Revision:

Exercise 1. Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs must, have to or be to.

1. You___ (not tell) him about it. It's a secret. 2. It looks like rain. You___ (take) your raincoats. 3. You ___ (not talk) so loudly here. 4. In his youth he ___ (work) from morning till night to earn his living. 5. He ___ (wait) at the station till it stopped raining. 6. The secretary informed us when the manager___ (come). 7. They___ (leave) on Saturday, but because of the delay with their visas they___ (book) tickets for Monday. 8. They___ (not tell) him anything about it before they get further instructions. 9. He___ (leave) for London that night. 10. ___I (do) it all by myself? 11. It was too late to change their plans and they___ (put up) with it. 12. You___ (not prepare) all this work, I will help you. 13. Stay here till she is free. I think you___ (not wait) long. 14. We___ (conduct) a series of experiments this week. 15. Remember that we___ (be) at this place not later than noon.

Exercise 2. Choose the right variant.

1. He wants us to obey him. We____exactly what he says.

a) have to do b) must to do c) are to do

2. Mrs. Sparred ____very beautiful when she was young. She has a fine face.

a) was to be b) must have been c) must be

3. You____so late. You should leave after dinner.

a) are not to stay b) must not have stayed c) must not stay

4. Something____. He____at seven,

a) must happen, must come b) must have happened, had to come c) must have happened, was to have come

5. Yesterday's rain spoiled my shoes completely and I___new ones.

a) had to buy b) must have bought c) was to buy

6. Which of them____the documents?

a) must have brought b) have to bring c) was to bring

7. The only thing he knew for certain was that he ____them.

a) must not meet b) hasn't to meet c) is not to meet

8. You can't come in. You___a catching disease like that.

a) must not have b) don't have to have c) aren't to have

9. There___ a garden once.

a) was to be b) must have been c) must be

10. We___in. The weather is changing,

a) must go b) must have gone c) are to go

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with must or have to with the proper form of the Infinitive.

1. The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we had to look for a safer spot.

2. When I asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and ... wait for another one.

3. I told you we ... make haste if we wanted to find him in.

4. She ... leave him at eight every morning at present.

5. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas ... be left at the desk.

6. I ... do all the typing at my office.

7. I … go to the airport. I'm meeting someone.

8. You ... lock the door when you go out. There've been a lot of break-ins recently.

9. I ... work late tomorrow. We're very busy at the office.

10. Jennifer ... go to the bank. She hasn't any money.

11. He sees very badly: he … wear glasses all the time.

12. You really … make less noise. I'm trying to concentrate.

13. I think you … pay to park here. I'll just go and read that notice.

14. You really … hurry up, Vicky. We don't want to be late.

Exercise 4. Write a sentence with must, have to to respond to the remarks.

1. The sign says: 'Passengers must show their tickets!' So passengers have to show their tickets.

2. The children have to be in bed by nine. Their parents said:

3. Laura has to get to work on time.

4. The police told Nick: 'You must keep your dog under control.'

5. The students have to listen carefully.

6. The new sign says: 'Visitors must report to the security officer.'

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

l. Он, должно быть, слышал об этом. 2. Этот дом, должно быть, построен в начале столетия. 3. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока вы ее не закончите. 4. У них, вероятно, сейчас урок. 5. Не огорчайся, он, должно быть, сделал это случайно. 6. Он, вероятно, сейчас спит. 7. Я ищу этот дом вот уже полчаса и нигде не могу его найти. Должно быть, она дала мне неправильный адрес. 8. Мне не пришлось делать этот чертеж. 9. Он, вероятно, не успел закончить работу к пятнице и был вынужден потратить на нее все вы­ходные, т.к. ее нужно было закончить к понедельни­ку. 10. Она, должно быть, не полила сад. Земля очень сухая. 11. Выбора не было, и им пришлось согласить­ся. 12. Она, должно быть, ждет нас дома. 13. Она дол­жна ждать нас дома. 14. Ей, наверное, не сказали, что мы уже вернулись. 15. Ей пришлось извиниться, хотя это и было неприятно.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

1. В Великобритании разрешается водить машину при достижении 17ти лет. Вам придется ходить на двухгодичные курсы перед тем как вам выдадут права. 2. На знаке написано: «Пассажиры обязаны предъявить билеты!» Поэтому пассажирам приходится показывать свои билеты. 3. Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено. 4. Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым врачом. 5. Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу? 6. Мы обязательно должны встретиться и обсудить все тонкости этого дела. 7. Иностранец, очевидно, не правильно назвал название этого блюда, и официант принес ему совсем другое. 8. Они надеялись работать в одной школе, но этому не суждено было сбыться. 9. Тебе нельзя есть мороженое. – У тебя больное горло. 10. Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет? 11. Он, наверняка, не знает о вашем отъезде, а то бы пришел вас проводить. 12. Кто будет украшать новогоднюю елку? 13. Ей пришлось вымыть пол дважды, перед тем как начальник попросил вымыть его снова. 14. Машина сломалась, и мне пришлось срочно искать мастера. 15. У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. У нас построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко. 2. Анна, должно быть, заболела, иначе, она была бы уже в театре, она никогда не приходит в последний момент. 3. «Где Павел?» – «Не знаю, возможно, пошел на концерт». – «Ну, это не очень любезно с его стороны: он мог бы взять билеты для меня». 4. Стирать при температуре 40 градусов, не сушить, не отжимать. (инструкция) 5. Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше. 6. Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно купить все необходимые товары в ближайшем магазине. 7. Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь! 8. Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно. 9. Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить. 10. Не обязательно вам приходить самой. Можете прислать кого-то. 11. Пойдемте пешком, нам незачем торопиться. 12. Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке. 13. Нам не нужно было ходить в цветочный магазин. У нас был полон сад цветов. 14. К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу. 15. Вы, должно быть, не в курсе дела, план какой программы изменился.