13. Replace the passages in their logical order.

1) When the protocols were formed, much of the software and services that make up the Internet appeared. The basic services for remote connectivity, file transfer, and electronic mail were introduced in the mid and late seventies. The Usenet

news system appeared in 1981 and the World Wide Web information system in 1989.

1. The Internet of today is only one third a research and educational network because of universities and institutes connected to it. However, commercial communications have taken over the majority of Internet traffic.

2. In 1990, the ARPANET had had many other networks connected to it. Later, its role as a network backbone was taken over by the NSFNET funded by the National Science Foundation . The networking companies and organizations which provided the data connections to all the Internet hosts continued in their goal of providing easy global network access.

3. The Internet developed from the project initiated by the US Department of Defense - Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The ARPANET, as it was then called, was designed to be a non-reliable network service for computer communications over wide area. In 1973 and 1974, a standard networking protocol, a communications protocol for exchanging data between computers on a network, emerged from the various research and educational programs involved in this project. This became known as TCP/IP or the IP suite of protocols.

4. These protocols enabled ARPANET computers to communicate irrespective of their computer operating system or their computer hardware. We call such protocols heterogeneous. UNIX operating system was developed in the same era and TCP/IP became almost synonymous with the UNIX which was spread throughout the many educational institutions around the US for a low cost. Multi-user systems such as UNIX soon became the most popular method of accessing the Internet.

14. Answer the questions:

1. How many stages can you find in the process of the Internet creation and development?

2. Who created the Internet?

15. Summarize your knowledge on the Absolute Participial Construction. Find the construction in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Computers using binary language represented by a single binary digit (1 or 0), one of the earliest sections of the Internet was called Bitnet.

2. A high-speed network connection having been established between five computing centres, they in turn made their facilities available to the local universities.

3. Network is a system of computers connected together to share programs, data, etc., the Internet being effectively a worldwide network of networks.

4. The cost of local phone calls being not so high, using e-mail becomes the most spread use of the Internet.

5. Satellites have been a part of the world telephone and television networks for decades, some of them carrying calls over oceans, others broadcasting pictures to millions of viewers.

6. It was found that certain parts of the brain being damaged, men lost their ability to do certain things.

7. The earliest translation engines were based on direct translation principle, input sentences of the source language being translated directly into output sentences of the needed language.

LESSON 10

Computer Industry. Rise of IBM.