- •19. The belles-lettres style and its registers.
- •39. The Verb. Classification of the verbs according to their morp-gical structure, semantics, synt-ical function.
- •5. Theories of Culture. (6 theories of culture)
- •16. Speaking as social action.
- •8. Gender identity and discourse.
- •11. Functions, sources, types, and models of Communication.
- •31. Expressive means and stylistic devices. Different classification.
- •36. The Verb. The categories of the Verb.
- •35. The Verb. The Category of Tense.
- •32.Semantic changes. Causes, types and results.
- •40. The Text, its basic integrative properties.
- •22. Homonymy and Polysemy.
35. The Verb. The Category of Tense.
Time is an unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past, present or future. Tense stands for a verb form used to express a time relation. Time is expressed in 2 basic ways: lexically (John is in his study NOW); grammatically (John IS in his study now).
Present Tense |
Past Tense |
Future Tense |
locates the process at the same time as the present moment. 3 types of relations btw the process and the present moment: duration of the process =duration of the report; longer; shorter. |
locates the process prior to the prese-nt moment. The past form of the V doesn’t say anything about whether the past process occupied a single point or an extended time period. |
The problem of the FT, objection: the meaning of the future tense describes a non-factive situation. WILL has some modal meaning of probability, so it’s not auxiliary. the expression of a future meaning by the present tense. |
32.Semantic changes. Causes, types and results.
(Гинзбург+Антрушина) Word-meaning is liable to change in the course of the historical development of language. Causes of Semantic Change: extra-linguistic (changes in the life of the speech community, changes in economic and social structure, changes in ideas, scientific concepts, way of life: carriage "a vehicle drawn by horses”- railways in England- "a railway car".); linguistic causes (within the language system: to starve (OE) - ‘to die’ -used in collocation with the word hunger – (16th century) acquired the meaning ‘to die of hunger’).
Nature: similarity and contiguity of meanings. Up – denotative, down – connotative:
Generalization, extension, widening, broadening: bird: the young of a bird -> any bird extended meaning passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use |
Specialization, restriction, narrowing: starve: die -> die of hunger; accident: any event -> unlucky event. the word with the new meaning comes to be used in the specialized vocabulary |
Amelioration, elevation: nice: silly -> good, pleasant, attractive |
Pejoration /deterioration /degeneration/degradation: accident: any event -> unlucky event |
40. The Text, its basic integrative properties.
Text is the unit of the highest (supersyntactic) level. It can be defined as a sequence of sentences connected logically and semantically which convey a complete message. The text is a language unit and it manifests itself in speech as discourse. Textual basic integrative properties are:
Coherence |
Cohesion |
Deixis |
semantic or topical unity of the spoken or written text (sentences are connected by the same general topic). Text that ‘sticks together’ as a whole unit. Means: theme& rheme progression. . |
succession of spoken or written sentences. Connection achieved by textual and lexical cohesion (formal markers serve as text connectors: additive – and, furthermore; advers-ative – but, however; causal – so, thus; temporal – then, finally. Lexical cohesion (sem-ally related): reiteration (repetition, synonym), endophoric relation (anaphoric it1, cataphoric it2) |
As a linguistic term «identification by pointing». Deixis - immediate context. Deictic terms are used to refer to ourselves, to others, to objects . Deictic exprsns are pronouns, time and place adverbs (here, now, etc.), s v of motion (come/go), tenses. 5 major types of deictic markers – person (role), place, time, textual and social. In English, social deixis is not heavily coded in the pronoun system. ‘You’ refers to both – singular and plural. |