- •19. The belles-lettres style and its registers.
- •39. The Verb. Classification of the verbs according to their morp-gical structure, semantics, synt-ical function.
- •5. Theories of Culture. (6 theories of culture)
- •16. Speaking as social action.
- •8. Gender identity and discourse.
- •11. Functions, sources, types, and models of Communication.
- •31. Expressive means and stylistic devices. Different classification.
- •36. The Verb. The categories of the Verb.
- •35. The Verb. The Category of Tense.
- •32.Semantic changes. Causes, types and results.
- •40. The Text, its basic integrative properties.
- •22. Homonymy and Polysemy.
31. Expressive means and stylistic devices. Different classification.
SD is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and (or) semantic property of a language unit. EM of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system. Tropes are EM based on the transfer of meaning or figurative use of the words and expressions within one and the same paradigm. Figures of speech refer to specific combinations of words and specific syntactical structures imaginatively used. Galperin, Kuharenko:
Phonetic |
Graphic |
Lexical |
Syntactical |
Onomatopoeia Alliteration Assonance Euphony Cacophony Rhyme Rhytm |
Graphon Italics Capitalization Spacing Multiplication Hyphenation Steps |
Metaphor Metonymy Irony SD polysemy: zeugma (open door and heart), pun Interjections Epithets Oxymoron Antonomasia Simile Periphrasis (long instead of sh) Euphemism Hyperbole Understatement ("I am rather annoyed" instead of "I'm infuriated") |
Detached construction (parenthesis) Attachment Parallel construction Chiasmus (2reverse par-lel constrns) Repetition Suspense Climax (gradation) Anticlimax Antithesis Asyndeton (no conj) Polysyndeton (too many conj) Ellipsis Break-in-the-narrative Rhetorical questions Litotes Apokoinu Constructions (2 at once) Nonsense of non-sequence |
Morphological |
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Repetition of a morpheme Extension of morphemic valency |
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36. The Verb. The categories of the Verb.
Grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms.
Tense |
Number |
Person |
Voice |
Mood |
Aspect |
Used to express a time relations. |
Shows whether Process is asso- ociated with 1 doer or more. Two-member opposition: singular vs. plural. N is restricted to Present Tense. |
Serves to accosi- ate process with 3deictic categ-s of commun act: speaker (I) addressee (you) not participant (he, she, it, they) |
Gram. cat. that shows the direction of process in regard with the subject (passive/active) Analytical form Reflexive v (himself) Reciprocal (each other). |
Expresses speaker’s attitu- de toward proce- ss indicating it as fact (non-fact). fact – indicative nfact – subjunctv (Blokh + impera-tive) Analytical form |
Expresses differ- rence in the way action is shown to proceed. Be + Ving (sometimes trea- ted as tenses – Jespersen). Continuous - Indefinite |
Order |
Represent temporal correlations. Non Perfect-Perfect, Continuous - Non continuous. Has worked. Has been working. Meaning: priority of action to the moment in present, past or future. Views on the problem: tense-view; aspect-view, specific category view. |
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Finitude - finite verb is a form of a verb that has a subject (expressed or implied) and can function as the root of an independent clause.