- •19. The belles-lettres style and its registers.
- •39. The Verb. Classification of the verbs according to their morp-gical structure, semantics, synt-ical function.
- •5. Theories of Culture. (6 theories of culture)
- •16. Speaking as social action.
- •8. Gender identity and discourse.
- •11. Functions, sources, types, and models of Communication.
- •31. Expressive means and stylistic devices. Different classification.
- •36. The Verb. The categories of the Verb.
- •35. The Verb. The Category of Tense.
- •32.Semantic changes. Causes, types and results.
- •40. The Text, its basic integrative properties.
- •22. Homonymy and Polysemy.
8. Gender identity and discourse.
Gender refers to social beliefs and values that specify what sex means while sex is determined be genetic codes that program biological features. Throughout the interactions with others we receive the messages that reinforce females’ conformity to femininity and males’ to masculinity. Approaches to gender and discourse research may analyze the way language reflects gender stereotypes, or differences between how men and women use language. Male and female:
Left lobe governing analytical and abstract thought Relationships are based on autonomy (obligation and commitment) morality of justice and fairness |
Right lobe cont-ling integrative and creative thinking Relationships for females (interdep-nce and intercon- ns between ppl) morality of response and care |
Likely to pursue style of interaction based on power |
Likely to use a style based on solidarity and support |
Question as a simple request for information (tag-questions to obtain or confirm info). Precise (use more terms, abstract nouns, adjectives of quantity and measurement). Aggression (negative sentences, use of profanity). Competitive, egocentric, not-engaged |
Question to continue the conversation (tag-questions as softeners, inviters, asking to agree). Emotions (interjections, modifiers, diminishing voc, emphatic adj.). Politeness (request ‘could’). Parenthesis. Direct Speech. Cooperative, compassionate, engaged. |
Switching the topic implicitly expresses agreement (abrupt topic shifting). Men respond in giving advice, acting as experts. Establish status. |
Women typically shift topics gradually. Non-v: head nods, smiling, eye contact, and laughter. Discuss problems - sharing experiences. |
Telling jokes. Disengaged. Leadership. Competitiveness. Focus on outcome. Outdoor active. |
Play is private, cooperative. Friendship is formed through talk. Indoors activity. (Play boys games). |
11. Functions, sources, types, and models of Communication.
Communication is a systemic process in which individuals interact with and though symbols to create and interpret meanings. 3 basic functions of communication: instrumental objectives that we try to meet (the goals we have in the situation); interpersonal objectives - deal with developing and maintaining relationships with others; identity objectives - deal with the image we want to present to others. Communication can be based on one of 3 sources: habits/scripts (engage without thinking/ habitual patterns of communication), intentions (instructions we give ourselves), or emotions (react emotionally to messages others transmit).
Verbal/ Non-verbal. Formal – Informal. Intrapersonal ( your own self); Transpersonal (with spirits, divine and ancestors); Communication with Other People ( direct face-to-face methods); Communication in a Group (conditions: peer pressure, leadership, orientation towards a common objective, norms and roles, equal participation from each member); Communication on a Mass Basis. Models:
Linear (Laswell) |
Interactive |
Якобсон |
Who Says what In what channel To whom With what effect |
Osgood/Shremm Linear model + FEEDBACK (circular)
|
Emotive function (addresser) Conative function (addressee) Impulse desire Referential function (context) Poetic function (message) – art; imagery Phatic function (contact) – maintaining the contact Metalingual function (code) |