- •Предисловие
- •Modal Verbs
- •Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs
- •4. Request
- •Very polite requests:
- •6. Offer
- •7. Suggestion
- •Exercises
- •In Reported speech:
- •3. Request (may I ..., might I ..., may we ..., might we ...)
- •Is he likely to…?’, ‘Is it likely that he …?’, ‘Do you think…’
- •5. Reproach, disapproval, criticism.
- •7. ’Might’ expresses unreality in Conditional sentences
- •Exercises
- •3. Must
- •2. Prohibition; refusing permission
- •6. Notice the following set phrases with ‘must’:
- •7. ‘Must’ in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises
- •4. Should 5. Ought to
- •Exercises
- •6. To have to
- •Exercises
- •3. A strict prohibition.
- •5. Possibility
- •Exercises
- •8. Need
- •1. Necessity or absence of necessity
- •3. Confer:
- •Exercises
- •9. Shall
- •Exercises
- •10. Will
- •3. Promise
- •Exercises
- •11. Would
- •I wonder if you would mind if... (formal request)
- •Exercises
- •12. Dare
- •Exercises
- •Revision
- •It’s likely that they will buy a new house. They’ll probably buy a new
- •Answer key
- •3. Must
- •4. Should 5. Ought to
- •6. To have to
- •8. Need
- •9. Shall
- •10. Will
- •11. Would
- •12. Dare
- •Reference list
- •Contents
- •Модальные глаголы
- •634041, Томск, ул. Герцена, 49. Тел.(3822) 52-12-93.
9. Shall
Shall is never a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity. As a rule shall as a modal verb is not translated into Russian, its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation. (следует помнить, что shall и will с ярко выраженным модальным значением не подлежат сокращению, кроме отрицательных форм – shan’t, won’t)
Shall expresses:
1. Compulsion (принуждение), strict order, prohibition. In this meaning it is always used with the second and third persons and has a strong stress.
He shall go there now. Он должен пойти туда сейчас.
“She shall go off tomorrow, the little artful creature,” said Mrs. Sedley, with great energy. «Она уедет завтра же, эта маленькая интриганка», – энергично заявила миссис Седли.
You shall all stay behind for thirty minutes and clean the room.
When he comes in, nobody shall say a word.
2. Offer. We use shall in questions with ‘I’ to make offers (with shall ‘offers’ are more tentative than with will in the affirmative). (tentative-неуверенный, осторожный, нерешительный = less direct)
Shall I wash up this evening? (Cf. Sit down. I’ll wash up this evening.)
Shall I carry your bag for you? – That’s very kind of you. Thank you. / No, thank you.
Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)
What shall I do for you?
Compare shall I…? and will you…?:
Shall I shut the door? (= Do you want me to shut the door?)
Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut the door.)
3. Suggestion. We use shall in questions with ‘we’ to make suggestions.
Shall I get you the chair? – Yes, please. Принести вам стул, – Пожалуйста.
Shall we go out for a meal tonight? – Mmm. I’d love to. (=Why don’t we go out? / How about going out?)
Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? – Yes, let’s . / Yes, let’s, shall we? / No, I’d rather not. / No, I’d rather we didn’t.
Shall we go? – Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.
To ask for suggestions or advice, we can use shall with a question word.
What shall we do about Tom if he doesn’t get into a university?
What shall we do? We haven’t got any money. – We could ask Dad.
I’ve got no time left. What shall I do? (= What do you suggest I should do?)
Where shall we go this evening?
We use ‘shall’ in question tags after ‘let’s’ to make suggestions.
Let’s forget about it now and talk about something else, shall we?
In Am. E. ‘should’ is used in preference to ‘shall’ for suggestions.
Let’s decide what to do this evening. Should we go bowling? (bowling - игра в кегли,
боулинг)
4. Asking for instruction. We use shall in questions with ‘I, we, he, she’ to ask about the wish of the person addressed.
Shall I shut the door, ma’am? (=Do you want me to shut the door?) Закрыть дверь, сударыня?
Shall he go there? (=Do you want him to go there?) Идти ему туда?
Shall I translate the text? – Please, do. Мне переводить текст? – Переводите, пожалуйста.
4a. Formal instruction, especially in official documents.
The secretary shall minute (вести) the proceedings (протоколы) of each meeting.
5. Threat or warning. In this meaning it is also used in the second and third persons and with a weak stress. (говорящий берет на себя ответственность за выполнение действия)
“That’s the last time!” she cried. “You shall never see me again!” Вы никогда меня больше не увидите!
You shall repent of this neglect of duty. Вы еще раскаетесь в том, что пренебрегаете долг.
You shall pay for this, you shall.
6. Promise. It is also used with the second and third persons and with a weak stress. (выполнение действия становится как бы личной ответственность говорящего)
Don’t be afraid, Jane, I saw it was an accident. You shall not be punished. He бойся, Джейн, я видела, что это произошло случайно. Тебя не накажут.
I shall make you happy, see if I don’t. You shall do what you like, spend what you like. Я сделаю вас счастливой, вот увидите. Вы будете делать что хотите и тратить сколь ко хотите.
You shall have tea now. Сейчас ты выпьешь чай.
You shall do as you please.
Tell him he shall have the books tomorrow. Скажи ему, что он получит книги завтра.
7. Unwillingness or refusal to do something.
Go and buy some milk, will you, love? – No, I shan’t. I’m busy.
Drink your milk, Jimmy! – I shan’t!
8. We use shall in questions asking about decisions with ‘I’ and ‘we’ only.
Shall I see you next week, then?