3. Confer:

• Тебе не надо было приходить. (не надо было = не следовало было; не надо было = зря)

  • = Тебе не следовало было приходить. You shouldn’t have come (because you are ill.) – The action is undesirable.

  • = Ты зря пришел. You needn’t have come (because the lesson doesn’t take place.) – The action is unnecessary.

4. ‘must needs’ or ‘needs must’ = must necessarily - непременно, обязательно, по необходимости (чаще употребляется с ‘must’). The form is always ‘needs’ not ‘need’ and the expression is usually used ironically or sarcastically (с сарказмом, насмешливо, язвительно)

• He knew they were vegetarians, and he must needs take them to a steak house.

• He must needs go away just when I want his help. (= He foolishly or stupidly insists on going away when I want his help.) Ну, конечно, когда мне нужна его помощь, ему непременно надо уйти.

• He needs must go; he must needs go. Ему непременно надо идти.

• The task of reviewing a dictionary must needs be elephantine. Просмотреть словарь – это всегда дело, требующее огромных усилий. (elephantine adj. [ٕ eli'fæntain] требующий огромных сил, усилий (о задаче, деле)

• Needs must when the devil drives. (proverb) = Circumstances may compel us to act in a certain way. Приходится, когда чёрт гонит. (т.е. против необходимости ничего не поделаешь.) Ср. Против рожна не попрешь. Плетью обуха не перешибёшь.

5 a) ‘need be’ and ‘if need be’ are convenient idioms for use in the present or future

• We’ll go by bus if need be. (if need be - в случае необходимости, если потребуется)

• We’ll leave earlier than need be.

b) In the past we replace them by ‘(if) necessary’ (по необходимости)

• We left earlier than was necessary.

Exercises

Exercise 105. Explain the meaning of need in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. He needs sea air. 2. We don’t need anything else. 3. I needn’t finish my sentence, for you already know what I was going to say. 4. If you don’t like the cocktail, you needn’t drink it. 5. “Do you remember what you did when you were twenty-five?” “You need not have reminded me of it.” 6. Need we insist upon the date? 7. You needn’t worry. 8. Need you bring your girl-friend with you? 9. She said that if he didn’t like to come to her parties he needn’t come at all. 10. I was rather afraid that he might act as though we were intimate friends, which would have been embarrassing. But I need not have worried. 11. Does he need to study more at home? “Why don’t you go and look at the snake?” her mother suggested. “You needn’t go up close.” 12. It’s not easy to hold responsibility. I needn’t tell you that. 13. Angela opened the door and walked in. Her daughter was still up. “You needn’t have stayed up, waiting for me.” said Angela. 14. What else do you need? 15. You needn’t have carried all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered them if you had asked them. 16. I must go at once, but you needn’t. 17. You needn’t have waited for me; I could have found the way all right. 18. You needn’t pay me back the money you owe me until next week. 19. I needn’t have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry. (= It was not necessary to make so much food, but I did, – it was a waste of time.) 20. She didn’t need to wait. (= It was not necessary to wait; we do not know whether she did or not.) 21. I didn’t need to unlock the door because it was already unlocked.

Exercise 106. Underline the more likely answer. If they are equally likely, underline them both.

1. You needn’t close/don’t need to close the door. I’m just going out.

2. In most developed countries, people needn’t boil/don’t need to boil water before they drink it.

3. Hannah has agreed to organise the party, so she said that the rest of us needn’t do /don’t need to do anything.

4. I’ve brought the car, so you needn’t carry/don’t need to carry your bags to the station.

5. You needn’t have/don’t need to have any qualifications to be a politician.

6. Now that it has been eradicated, doctors needn’t vaccinate/don’t need to vaccinate against smallpox.

7. You needn’t go/don’t need to go to the supermarket. I went shopping earlier.

8. In many countries you needn’t pay/don’t need to pay to use public libraries.

Exercise 107. Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have.

1. George went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain. ......... He needn’t have taken an umbrella. ..........

2. Ann bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She .....................................................................

3. A friend got angry with you and shouted at you. You think this was unnecessary. Later you say to him/her: You ....................................................................................

4. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery. He ...................................................................................................................

5. When we went on holiday, we took the camera with us but we didn’t use it in the end. .............................................................................................................................

6. I thought I was going to miss my train so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait 20 minutes. ..............................................................

Exercise 108. Write two sentences for each situation. Use needn’t have in the first sentence and could have in the second (as in the example).

1. Why did you rush? Why didn’t you take your time?

........ You needn’t have rushed. You could have taken your time. .............

2. Why did you walk home? Why didn’t you take a taxi? ................................

3. Why did you stay at a hotel? Why didn’t you stay with us? ........................

4. Why did she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn’t she phone me in the morning? .............................................................................................................

5. Why did you leave without saying anything? Why didn’t you say goodbye to me? ..............................................................................................................................

Exercise 109. Supply needn’t have ... or didn’t have to... and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I ... (phone) the mechanic. I learnt later that Michael had already phoned him.

2. I .... (phone) the mechanic. I knew that Michael had already phoned him.

3. Kate ... (make) lunch when she came home, because her husband had already done it.

4. I ... (wake) her up because she was awake before me.

5. You ... (bring) your umbrella after all. It hasn’t rained.

6. Mother ... (cook) a meal last night as we were going out.

7. I ... (cook) a meal last night because we went out and the food I prepared was uneaten.

8. You ... (pay) the man. He didn’t deserve it.

9. Claire ... (bring) the tape. We didn’t plan to listen to it.

10. Ann ... (buy) any eggs as on coming home she found that she had plenty of eggs.

Exercise 110. Fill in the gaps with needn’t have or didn’t need to and the correct form of the verb in brackets, as in the example.

1. I had been to the restaurant many times before so I ...didn’t need to use... (use) a map to find my way there.

2. You .............................. (come) here to tell me. You could have called me instead.

3. We didn’t go abroad for our holidays last year so we ...............................(take) our passports with us.

4. I cooked dinner last night so we ................................................ (order) a takeaway.

5. You ................. (wash) your suit. I would have taken it to the dry-cleaner’s for you.

6. I ...............(buy) anything from the supermarket so I went straight home after work.

7. My brother told me he was taking two sleeping bags so I ....................... (pack) one for myself.

8. You ..........(call) from a phone box. You could have used my mobile phone instead.

9. I .............................. (send) Tom’s birthday card because I knew I was going to see him on his birthday.

10. You ........... (book) the tickets yourself. My secretary would have done it for you.

11. I bought a new car last year, and then a month later I won one in a competition. So I ...................................(to spend) all that money.

12. I ........................(to have) an interview. They accepted me without one.

13. Sue was feeling a lot better by the weekend, so we ............. (to do) her shopping for her.

14. I got a lift to the station, so I .........................(to take) a taxi after all.

Exercise 111. Here are some extracts from a speech made by the managing director of a company to her employees. Correct any mistakes.

1. I need hardly to tell you how important it is that we win this order.

2. I don’t have to remind you that we are competing with two other companies.

3. We don’t need to allow our competitors to gain an advantage over us.

4. We were delighted that we needn’t have sold off our subsidiary company last year.

5. We mustn’t allow our production rates to drop.

6. You mustn’t work at weekends for the moment.

7. You needn’t to worry about redundancies.

Exercise 112. Choose the correct item.

1. Ben is very rude. He ....... have talked to Sarah that way.

A. could

В. shouldn’t

С. mustn’t

2. It’s very late. The children ....... be sleeping.

A. must

В. can’t

С. shouldn’t

3. We ....... finish the project by Friday or else we'll lose the client.

A. might

В. needn't

С. have to

4. You ....... made anything for the party. I have plenty of food.

A. needn’t have

В. needn’t

С. mustn’t

5. The north of England ....... get very cold during the winter.

A. may

В. can

С. could

6. You ....... write and thank everyone for the birthday presents they gave you.

A. shouldn’t

В. need

С. ought to

7. John isn’t at home. He ....... be at the gym.

A. might

В. couldn’t

С. can’t

8. Susan has a broken leg. She ....... gone skiing.

A. can’t have

В. couldn’t

С. may

9. It’s your own fault you crashed the car. You ....... been driving so fast.

A. might not have

В. may not have

С. shouldn’t have

10. ....... I call David now? - Yes, he said it was an emergency.

A. Need

В. Needn’t

С. Could

11. That ....... be Eve on the phone. She doesn’t know our new number.

A. mustn’t

В. needn’t

С. can’t

12. Why are Bob and Moira late? – Well, they ....... missed the 5 o’clock bus.

A. could have been

B. might have

C. should

13. You ....... bring your tent with you. We can both sleep in mine.

A. need

В. don’t need to

С. needn’t have

14. You ....... have brought so many jumpers. I could have lent you some of mine.

A. needn’t

В. couldn’t

С. didn’t need to

15. Diana must ....... the stage props all night. She looks extremely tired.

A. be preparing

B. have been preparing

С. have prepared

Exercise 113. Translate the following sentences into English using need.

1. Тому нужно новое пальто. 2. Ему не требуется новых ботинок. 3. Нужна ему новая рубашка? 4. Работа требовала времени и терпения. 5. Нужно перевести (чтобы кто-нибудь перевел) того слепого через улицу. 6. Мои туфли требуют починки. 7. Ему необходимо работать так поздно? 8. Ему нет необходимости работать так поздно, не правда ли? 9. Вам нужно отправиться пораньше, чтобы приехать засветло. 10. Вам придется/Вам надо поторопиться, если вы хотите попасть на поезд, который отходит в четверть третьего. 11. Нам не нужно было спешить (и мы не спешили). 12. Нам не нужно было бы спешить (т. е. Мы спешили, а теперь видим, что в этом не было необходимости).

Exercise 114. Translate the following sentences into English using need.

1. To, что она сделала, так глупо, что нам незачем обсуждать это. 2. Это было так близко, что даже Алан, который не любил ходить пешком, согласился, что им не нужно брать его машину. 3. Нам не к чему варить всю картошку. 4. Нам нужно переодеться к обеду? 5. У нас масса времени. Мы зря спешили. 6. А нам обязательно туда идти? 7. Тебе незачем тратить на них все деньги. 8. Я сказал твоему дяде, что поговорю с тобой. – Ты напрасно беспокоился. Я пообещал своим родителям побыть здесь еще немного. 9. Он положил конверт на стол. «Деньги все там, – сказал он. – Можешь не пересчитывать их». 10. Ты знаешь детей. Они все ломают. Мне нет нужды говорить тебе об этом. 11. Он знал, что ему не надо никому ничего объяснять. 12. Я думаю, что нам незачем уделять ей столько внимания. 13. Тебе незачем бояться меня. 14. Нам не обязательно слушать всех ораторов.

Exercise 115. Revision: translate the following sentences expressing absence of necessity into Russian using have to or need.

1. Рассказать тебе, как все это случилось? Не надо. Я все знаю. 2. Погода сейчас теплая, и мне не надо топить камин вечером. 3. Он четко осознавал, что он хочет сказать, и ему не надо было подбирать слова. 4. Мне не надо было ничего покупать, так как мой муж не обедал дома в тот день. 5. У него сейчас каникулы. Ему не надо работать до осени. 6. Скажи моему сыну, что ему не надо работать до осени. Ему надо хорошо отдохнуть дома. 7. Она знала, что ей не надо присутствовать при их разговоре. 8. У него не было необходимости жить летом в Лондоне.

Exercise 116. Revision: translate the following sentences into English using shouldn’t, oughtn’t to or needn’t followed by a Perfect Infinitive.

1. Тебе не следовало уступать ее капризам. 2. Тебе не надо было приводить своего приятеля сегодня. Я плохо себя чувствую. 3. Мне не следовало говорить им этого. 4. Ты зря заказал номер в гостинице. У нас есть свободная спальня. 5. Тебе не следовало жениться так рано. 6. Ты зря написал ему об этом. Он теперь будет беспокоиться. 7. Ты зря приехал в Лондон. Здесь его нет. 8. Тебе не надо было покупать эту машину. Она очень дорогая. 9. Ты зря приехал на машине. Здесь нет моста через реку. 10. Зря ты был с нею так груб. Она теперь плачет.

Exercise 117. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.

a) A. What did I do wrong?

B. 1. You shouldn’t have connected these two wires.

2. You didn’t have to connect these two wires.

b) A. Why is the dog barking?

B. 1. It should have heard something.

2. It must have heard something.

c) A. Why are you home so early?

B. 1. I needn’t have worked this afternoon.

2.I didn’t have to work this afternoon.

d) A. Why did you worry about me? I didn’t take any risks.

B. 1. You must have been injured.

2. You could have been injured.

e) A. You forgot my birthday again!

B. 1. Sorry, I should have looked in my diary.

2. Sorry, I had to look in my diary.

f) A. We had a terrible crossing on the boat in a storm.

B. 1. That didn’t have to be very pleasant!

2. That can’t have been very pleasant!

g) A. Where were you yesterday? You didn’t turn up! B. 1. I had to go to London.

2. I must have gone to London.

h) A. What do you think about the election?

B. 1. The Freedom Party had to win.

2. The Freedom Party should have won.

i) A. There’s a lot of food left over from the party, isn’t here?

B. 1. Yes, you couldn’t have made so many sandwiches.

2.Yes, you needn’t have made so many sandwiches,

j) A. What do you think has happened to Tony?

B. 1. I don’t know, he should have got lost.

2. I don’t know, he might have got lost.

Exercise 118. Tick the correct item, as in the example.

1. Dan can’t be a teacher.

a) I’m sure Dan isn’t a teacher. √

b) I think Dan isn’t a teacher.

2. Need I take the tablets every day?

a) Is it a good idea to take the tablets every day?

b) Is it necessary to take the tablets every day?

3. You needn’t have bought me flowers.

a) You bought me flowers.

b) You didn’t buy me flowers.

4. If it is hot tomorrow, we might go to the beach.

a) We will definitely go to the beach tomorrow.

b) It is possible that we will go to the beach tomorrow.

5. You ought to have apologised to Mary.

a) You apologised to Mary.

b) You didn’t apologise to Mary.

6. You mustn’t steal.

a) It is against the law to steal.

b) It isn’t necessary to steal.

7. Alison has to work on Saturday. Her boss told her so.

a) Alison wants to work on Saturday.

b) Alison’s boss wants her to work on Saturday.

8. Sam must have finished lunch by now.

a) I’m sure Sam has finished lunch.

b) I’m sure Sam hasn’t finished lunch.

Exercise 119. Translate the following sentences into English. (Modal Verbs)

1. Должно быть, он шел этой дорогой: вот следы его ног. 2. Не стоило нам спешить. Мы пришли слишком рано. 3. Хотите чашку чая? 4. Хотите, я куплю овощи? 5. Помочь тебе нести сумки? 6. Не пообедать ли нам в ресторане? 7. Закрыть окно? (Я закрою окно?) 8. Купить яблок? 9. Я потеряла сумку. Что мне делать? 10. Студенты не должны есть во время лекций. 11. Нельзя оставлять детей без присмотра! 12. Я не должен объяснять тебе (нет необходимости объяснять), что это за люди. 13. Не нужно быть особенно умным, чтобы решить эту задачу. 14. Мы не обязаны снижать налоги (нет необходимости снижать налоги). 15. Не обязательно быть богатым, чтобы жить счастливо. 16. Я должен пойти и поговорить с ней. (Она меня сама вызвала). 17. Я должен пойти и поговорить с ней. (Я сам хочу с ней кое-что обсудить). 18. Я должен съесть три гамбургера, чтобы почувствовать себя сытым. 19. Он должен спать ночью как минимум девять часов. 20. Мне не пришлось ничего объяснять.

Exercise 120. Fill in the gaps with must, mustn’t or needn’t/don’t have to, as in the example.

1. A: You ... needn’t/don’t have to .... do the washing-up. I’ll do it.

B: Thanks, Mum.

2. A: Paul ............................................. go to the dentist more often.

B: I know. His teeth are in terrible condition.

3. A: If we want to see the beginning of the film, we ................................. leave now.

B: Alright. I’m ready.

4. A: You .................................................................. speak with your mouth full.

B: I know. It’s very rude.

5. A: Shall I mow the lawn?

B: No, you ..................................................... . I did it earlier.

6. A: ....................................................................... I walk the dog now?

B: Yes, it’ll be dark in half an hour.

7. A: John and I are going to the theatre on Friday night.

B: You ............................. get a baby-sitter. I’ll take care of the children for you.

8. A: You .......................................................... forget to post those letters.

B: I’ll post them on my way to work.