- •Предисловие
- •Modal Verbs
- •Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs
- •4. Request
- •Very polite requests:
- •6. Offer
- •7. Suggestion
- •Exercises
- •In Reported speech:
- •3. Request (may I ..., might I ..., may we ..., might we ...)
- •Is he likely to…?’, ‘Is it likely that he …?’, ‘Do you think…’
- •5. Reproach, disapproval, criticism.
- •7. ’Might’ expresses unreality in Conditional sentences
- •Exercises
- •3. Must
- •2. Prohibition; refusing permission
- •6. Notice the following set phrases with ‘must’:
- •7. ‘Must’ in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises
- •4. Should 5. Ought to
- •Exercises
- •6. To have to
- •Exercises
- •3. A strict prohibition.
- •5. Possibility
- •Exercises
- •8. Need
- •1. Necessity or absence of necessity
- •3. Confer:
- •Exercises
- •9. Shall
- •Exercises
- •10. Will
- •3. Promise
- •Exercises
- •11. Would
- •I wonder if you would mind if... (formal request)
- •Exercises
- •12. Dare
- •Exercises
- •Revision
- •It’s likely that they will buy a new house. They’ll probably buy a new
- •Answer key
- •3. Must
- •4. Should 5. Ought to
- •6. To have to
- •8. Need
- •9. Shall
- •10. Will
- •11. Would
- •12. Dare
- •Reference list
- •Contents
- •Модальные глаголы
- •634041, Томск, ул. Герцена, 49. Тел.(3822) 52-12-93.
3. A strict prohibition.
We use: to be to + the Indefinite Infinitive in negative sentences
to be to corresponds to the Russian: не должен, не делай не смей
May not, can’t, are not to, must not – are arranged in increasing order of severity (строгость). ‘must’ being an absolute prohibition.
You are not to smoke in the room.
We are not to leave the place until we are told.
Poison: Not to be taken! (public notice (официальное извещение/объявление (в печати)
Can we go separately? – No, you may not/ No, you can’t/ No, you are not/ No, you mustn’t.
4. Something thought of as unavoidable, something that was destined to happen (предназначено, предопределено случиться).
We use: to be to + the Indefinite Infinitive in affirmative and negative sentences mainly in the Past Indefinite Tense
to be to corresponds to the Russian: суждено, предстоит
I didn’t know at that time she was to be my wife. Ей суждено было стать моей женой. He was to be my teacher and friend for many years.
He was never to see her again. Ему больше никогда не суждено было увидеть её.
It was not to be. Этому не было суждено сбыться.
Einstein was still a young man. His discoveries had not yet been published, but they were to change our whole view of the Universe.
At the time she was probably the best actor in the theatre company, but in fact some of her colleagues were to become much better.
He was to find out years later that the car he had bought was stolen.
If we are to be neighbours for life, we should be on friendly terms. Если нам предстоит всю жизнь быть соседями, нам следует быть в дружеских отношениях.
5. Possibility
We use: to be to + the Indefinite Infinitive Passive in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences
In questions beginning with the interrogative adverb How ‘to be to’ is used with the Indefinite Infinitive Active
‘to be to’ is very close to ‘can’ and ‘may’
He was often to be seen there. Его часто там можно было видеть.
Where is he to be found. Где его можно найти?
Nothing was to be done. ничего невозможно было сделать/ничего нельзя было сделать.
They are not to be trusted.
How are you to know it? Как ты можешь знать это?/Откуда ты можешь знать?
How am I to repay you for your kindness?
5. ‘To be to’ equals ‘to want’ after the conjunction ‘if’
If we are to be (= want to be) there on time, we must start at once.
You must take sides (стать на чью-л. сторону) if you are to remain human.
The law needs to be revised (пересматривать) if justice is to be done. Чтобы справедливость могла восторжествовать, нужно прежде изменить законы.
If humans are to survive as a species (биол. вид), we must address environmental issues now. (environmental issues – экологическая проблема, проблема состояния окружающей среды)
Compare the use of to be to + infinitive and the Present Indefinite for the future in ‘if-clauses’:
We often use to be to + infinitive in the ‘if-clause’ to say that something must take place first in the principal clause before something else can take place in the ‘if-clause’
We use the Present Indefinite in the ‘if-clause’ to say that the action must take place first in the ‘if-clause’; в реальном условии оборот to be to употребляется в случае, если одно событие (обозначенное в главном предложении) должно произойти раньше, чем некоторое другое событие (обозначенное в придаточном предложении).
If British tennis is to reach world standard again, more money will be necessary. (= more money must be given first for British tennis to improve.)
Jones needs to improve his technique if he is to win at the next Olympics. Чтобы выиграть золото на следующих Олимпийских играх, Джону нужно будет вначале улучшить технику. And
Jones has said that he will retire from athletics if he wins gold at the next Olympics. (the Present Indefinite in the ‘if-clause’)
6. Here are some set phrases with the modal verb ‘to be to’
What am I to do? Что мне делать? Как мне быть?
What is to become of me? Что со мной будет? (станется)
Where am I to go? Куда же мне идти? Куда же мне деваться?
7. An unreal condition referring to the Future can be expressed by the form ‘were’ of the modal verb ‘to be to’
If you were to meet me, I would be happy. Если случайно ..., если так случится, что ...,
если вдруг вы бы встретили меня, я был бы счастлив.
He had been a fool to spend so much money on Mildred; but he knew that if it were to come again he would act in the same way. Глупостью с его стороны было потратить на Милдред столько денег; но он знал, что если бы все это случилось еще раз, он повел бы себя так же.