VII. Lexico-Semantic / Semasiological Expressive Means ans Stylistic Devices, their types and functions

Figures of substitution:

a) figures of quantity (hyperbole, meiosis, litotes)

b) figures of quality (metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis, euphemism, metaphor, epithet, antonomasia, personification, allegory, irony).

Figures of combination:

a) figures of equivalence/identity (synonyms, simile);

b) figures of contrast (antithesis, oxymoron);

c) figures of inequality (climax (gradation), anticlimax, zeugma, pun).

• The author makes use of variegated metaphors with the idea of creating images/ achieving aesthetic and expressive functions/ foregrounding expressive, evaluating, subjective connotations, prompted by….

• The metaphor is based on the associated likeness between…

• Due to the dead/ original/ trite/ genuine/ simple/ prolonged/ sustained metaphors we may perceive the optimistic/ involved/ critical/ contemptuous/ ironical/ cynical attitude of the narrator/ interlocutor.

• Semantically the associated objects form personification/ zoosemy/ anthroposemy/ synesthesia.

• an unexpected comparison

• to express smth implicitly/ indirectly

• to imply, to suggest/ to hint at

• to enforce the impression

• to foreground/ to make smth prominent

• to produce/ achieve/ create an effect of…

• to intensify the expression of… and help the reader gain an insight

• to bring home to the reader

• The simile serves to disclose/ portray/ reveal/ enhance the impression

• to expose the idea

• to render/ convey

• to create…

• to single out the components of simile

• to carry/ maintain/ expose expressive evaluation/ emotive explanation/ highly individual description

• to liken/ to be associated with

• to abound in (with) epithets

• to deserve special notice

• Thanks to the picturesque epithets…we may get the feel of…

• The device serves to stress

• To render (make) the text

• to convey the author’s personal appraisal

• The epithets can be differentiated into… affective/ figurative epithets

• to convey emotional evaluation

• to ascribe some quality to smth/ smb

• to intensify the expressivity

• to attach emotive and subjective characteristics to the object

• This is implied/ foregrounded by…

VIII. The graphical EM and SD (paragraphing, spacing, punctuation, multiplication, capitalization, italics, hyphenation, graphone, “stream of consciousness” literature).

IX. The vocabulary of the text. Special literary vocabulary (terms, archaic words, poetic words, barbarisms, foreign words, exotic words, borrowings, literary neologisms). Special colloquial vocabulary (slang, jargonisms, professionalisms, dialectal words, vulgarisms, neologisms).

X. The morphological EM and SD (the verb, the noun, the adjective, the pronoun, articles).

XI. Paraphraseological Phenomena (paremiology, quotations, epigrams, allusions).

XII. The syntactic em and sd.

0. Syntactic stylistic means based on focusing:

a) by pausation: detachment, parcellation;

b) by position: stylistic inversion.

0. Syntactic stylistic means based on expansion:

1. repetitions: ordinary, patterned (anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis (catch – repetition), framing, chiasmus), tautology, parallel constructions, polysyndeton;

2. expansions proper: enumerations, emphatic constructions, parenthesis, suspense, or retardation.

0. Syntactic stylistic means based on informational compression:

1. Syntactic stylistic means based on syntagmatic compression of information (ellipsis, aposiopesis, asyndeton, apokoinu construction, subordination through coordination, nominative sentences);

2. Syntactic stylistic means based on paradigmatic compression of information (transposition of basic communicative sentence types, negation through affirmation).

• The syntax of the narration as a whole may be characterized as elaborate. It abounds in short/ long sentences.

• Syntactical constructions/ devices enabled the author to produce the stylistic effect of…

• The stylistic syntax aims at focusing/ expansion/ compressed information.

• Another distinctive feature of the syntactic-stylistic media is…

• Focusing/ expansion/ compression of the information is achieved by paradigmatic compression, asyndeton, ellipsis, suspense, parenthesis, enumeration, parallel constructions…

• The syntax is widely used to reflect/ bring home to the reader/ render/ convey/ reveal/ enhance the atmosphere of official/ unofficial communication, spontaneity of speech, speaker’s state of mind.

• to foreground logical emphasis

• to get insight into

• to produce an effect of

• …deserves a special comment

• It should be possibly stressed

• The sentence structure is (predominantly) simple/ complicated by the following predicative complexes…

• It makes the reader feel/ aims at exciting/ evoking the feeling of the sense of immediate presence/ being a witness of

• It brings out a particularly logical (complex, confused), philosophical (moral, social) consideration (observation).