Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:

1. local a) periods

2. centralized b) class

3. early c) stability

4. commercial d) culture

5. civic e) government

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. commercial expansion a) нашествие варваров

2. administrative functions b) политическое руководство

3. flow of resources c) увеличение торгового оборота

4. political control d) поток ресурсов

5. barbarian invasion e) управленческие функции

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

autonomous, established, markets, urban, migration

1. Within any country there are movements of individuals and families from one area to another which is called ____________ .

2. ____________ regions of several types have been established on the basis of the geographical distribution of nationalities.

3. The first ____________ as centres of commerce originated from rural fairs.

4. In the case of ancient Attica, the city was ____________ as the result of a process of uniting of a number of tribal or village communities.

5. Asian ____________ society had an economy based primarily on agriculture.

Задание III

А. Найдите во втором абзаце текста и переведите инфинитивы в функции обстоятельства цели.

Б. Найдите причастия в третьем абзаце текста, укажите их форму, функцию в предложении и переведите.

В. Определите все контекстуальные значения слова «as».

Г. Определите время, вид и залог сказуемых в последнем абзаце текста, переведите.

Д. Переведите предложение, содержащее выражение «the same».

Задание IV

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. Why were the cities surrounded by walls?

2. What provided a base for a growing commercial class in the cities?

3. Did the cities exchange their independent political role for important administrative functions in the process of nation-state consolidation or they didn't?

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод текста.

Unit 5

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям, содержащим интернациональные корни:

operate, virtually, political, Greece, illustration, phenomenon, local, England, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, national, modern, forms, complex, constitutional, regime, reflects, general, characteristics, democracy, Japan, autonomy, systems, authoritarian, control, concentrate, individual, committee, central

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

Modern city government

A city cannot operate without a government of some kind. There are, indeed, no known examples of a city without a government, however far back one goes in history. In some European countries cities were for centuries virtually independent political entities. Although the city-states of ancient Greece are the most famous illustration of this phenomenon, local governments in such countries as England, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany are much older than national government. In the modern world, however, cities are contained within the boundaries of national states, and a city government forms a part of a much larger and more complex constitutional regime.

A city government invariably reflects the general characteristics of this national regime. When political democracy exists at the national level, as in most of the Western world and Japan today, cities enjoy a substantial degree of local autonomy and have democratic systems of government. When the regime is authoritarian, central control is likely to diminish or extinguish local self-government and to suppress democratic forms. Similarly, a country that prefers to concentrate power and responsibility in a single individual – or, conversely, in a committee – is likely to display this preference in its cities no less than in its central government.