Morphological
peculiarities
Here
are some of them:
the
use of contracted forms of VERBS (he'd,
can't)
unless you want to stress the auxiliary verb.
the
use of GET instead of BE in the Passive Voice “They want a
report. How you got
shot
down and all that”. (“Beware of the Dog” by Roald Dahl )
the
use of some ungrammatical forms (he
instead of him – below the norm of polite speech; ain't
instead of are/is/am/have + not – просторечия;
them instead of these/those: Did you see them boys?) was instead
of were : I wish I was It is becoming more common in casual
register especially in American English. It is possible to hear
elements of wrong grammar used by those who speak Estuary
English: There’s many of us here who... Estuary English
mixes Received pronunciation and cockney and is spoken by
younger people in Britain. Though some people have criticized it
as a lazy and ugly way of speaking the language.
these
morphological peculiarities may be regarded as typical of some
territorial or social dialect.
or
as violation of grammar norms caused by a certain carelessness of
colloquial speech or by an excited state of mind of the speaker,
or the speaker may be very angry or drunk.
Lexical
peculiarities
the
vocabulary consists of typically colloquial words and phrases. A
BIT, How
come = why;
I
take it = I understand; pretty = rather; a bit = a little;
phrasal verbs: pop in = заскочить;
do smth up = decorate;
use
of shortened variants of words: bicycle
bike; examination
exam; refrigerator
fridge telephone
phone; doctor
doc.
They are clippings.
intensifying
words – усилительные
слова.
interjections
wow,
oops, tut-tut – ай-яй-яй
adverbs
pretty,
awfully, stark = completely, dead (tired)
empty
words or fill-ups You
know; I mean,- er, umm
as
signs of hesitation (mumbling words)
Syntactical
peculiarities
– the syntax of spoken language is characterized by:
omission
of some parts of the utterance: in intimate and casual registers:
Doing
anything Saturday?
Some patterns have become legitimate: Nice
to meet you.
direct
word order in questions He
came home late again?
–
the rising intonation here is very important.
use
of tautological (тавтологический)
subject Helen,
she knows about it. Ask her.
sentences
are generally short.
absence
of conjunctions in a sequence of sentences Came
home late. Had supper and went to bed. Couldn't sleep of course.
The evening had been too much of a strain. The
conjunctions ‘ And
& but
‘are often used. Absence of THAT in object clauses.
the
communicative function of a sentence in a speech act may be
different from its function in grammar system: Excuse
me, have you got a match?
Which means Could
you give me a match if you have one?
The question is used as a request but not to get the answer YES
or NO.
The
phrase Do you mind!!! (With the falling tone)
can show that the person is annoyed – видишь,
что
ты
наделал!!
. –Or
in a brief dialogue
-You've
been rude recently.
–When
have I been rude?
Which means I've
never been rude.
– here present perfect is used after ‘when’
so grammar of spoken English is idiomatic as well as lexis.
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Lexical
peculiarities
literary,
bookish
character
of the vocabulary to
bear resemblance to – иметь
сходство;
possess
have; offspring
child(ren); from a warning: "If items purchased are
subsequently found to be unsuitable they should be taken back to
the store in the store's wrapping with the original cash sales
receipt." Or in the sublanguageof notices and
instructions: “DO not alight while the bus is in motion”
alight is a formal synonym of get off a train/bus
Syntactical
peculiarities
the
abundance (изобилие)
of all kinds of conjunctions and adverbial phrases connecting
sentences/parts of sentences moreover,
apart from that, however, eventually, therefore, notwithstanding…
the
wide use of constructions with non-verbal forms (gerund,
participle, infinitive), nominative absolute participle
construction. Example: The
teacher being ill, the lecture was cancelled.
as
for the length of sentences, as a rule, they're longer and mush
more complicated.
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