- •Review for bus206 2nd Test
- •Describe and define organizational structure.
- •Describe and define job design (grouping tasks into jobs) and how jobs can be enriched or simplified.
- •Describe how jobs can be grouped into functions and divisions or matrix and product team
- •Describe how managers coordinate functions and divisions by creating a hierarchy of authority and balancing centralization and decentralization.
- •Discuss the factors that determine the choice of overall structure (mechanistic: formal or Organic: flexible)
- •Describe the activities in Human Resource Planning including job analysis.
- •Discuss the five components of an hr system and which you think is most important:
- •Recruitment ( pool of potential applicants) and Selection (valid and reliable techniques)
- •Training and Development (Needs assessment and types of techniques)
- •Performance Appraisal and Feedback (360 degree, formal or informal)
- •Pay and Benefits (pay level and pay structure, cafeteria style benefits)
- •Labour Relations (labour unions)
- •Describe and give examples of the 3 systems of control measures (feedforward, concurrent, feedback).
- •Show how culture can influence how managers plan, organize, lead and control.
- •Define motivation.
- •Compare and contrast Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Herzberg’s Hygiene/Motivator theory.
- •Describe what is meant by feeling an underpayment inequity. What corrective actions might be taken to restore the perception of equity?
- •What assumption underlies Reinforcement Theory? How could a manager apply the four techniques ( Positive, Punishment, Extinction and Negative) to modify undesired workplace behaviours.
- •Describe the five sources of managerial power.
- •Describe the evolution of leadership theory from the early Behavioural models to Contingency models.
Show how culture can influence how managers plan, organize, lead and control.
Ch. 8 Motivation
Define motivation.
Motivation- Psychological forces that determine the direction of a person’s behaviour in an organization, a person’s level of effort and a person’s level of persistence.
Intrinsically motivated behaviour- behaviour that is performed for its own sake.(jobs that are interesting)
Extrinsically motivated behaviour- acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment. ( Consequence of the behaviour, lawyer who is motivated by high salary)
Prosocially motivated behaviour- to benefit or help others.
Compare and contrast Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Herzberg’s Hygiene/Motivator theory.
Need theories- theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs.
Maslow claims 5 basic kind of needs: Psychological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Hierarchy of Needs- an arrangement of five basic needs that according to Maslow, motivate behaviour. Maslow proposed that the lowest level of unmet needs is the prime motivator and that only one level of needs is motivational at a time.
Herzberg ‘s motivator-hygiene theory- a need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs( related to the nature of the work itself) and hygiene needs(related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed). Herzberg proposed that motivator needs must be met in order to motivation and job satisfaction to be high. This theory is alo known as the 2 factor theory.
Describe Victor Vroom’s Expectancy theory. How can managers use this theory to understand workplace behaviours such as high or low performance levels.
Process theories- theories that explain the processes by which employee behaviour can be aroused and then directed.
Expectancy theory-depends on interrelated factors, instrumentality, valence. The theory that motivation will be high when employees believe that high levels of effort will lead to high performance and that high performance will lead to the attainment of desired oucomes.
Describe what is meant by feeling an underpayment inequity. What corrective actions might be taken to restore the perception of equity?
Equity theory- a theory of motivation that focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their inputs.
Equity- the justice impartiality and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.
Inequity- lack of fairness.
Underpayment inequity- inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome0imput ratio is less that the ratio of a referent.
Overpayment inequity-a person perceives that his or her own outcome/inputs ratio is greater that the ratio of a reference.
What assumption underlies Reinforcement Theory? How could a manager apply the four techniques ( Positive, Punishment, Extinction and Negative) to modify undesired workplace behaviours.
Ch. 9 Leadership