МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «БАШКИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ АГРАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Б1.Б.3. Иностранный язык (английский)

Сборник текстов

для внеаудиторного чтения студентами

очной формы обучения

по направлению подготовки 080100 Экономика

Уфа 2011

УДК 811.111 (07)

ББК 81.2 Англ (я7)

И 32

Рекомендованы к изданию методической комиссией экономического факультета ФГБОУ ВПО «Башкирский государственный аграрный университет», протокол № 6 от 14 марта 2011 г.

Составитель: старший преподаватель Р.А. Исмагзамова.

Рецензент: к.ф.н., ст. преподаватель Г.С. Тукаева.

Ответственный за выпуск: зав. кафедрой иностранных языков, к.ф.н., доцент О.Н. Новикова

Сборник содержит 32 научно-популярных текста по экономике объемом 35,4 тысячи печатных знаков. Материал взят из оригинальных источников и адаптирован преподавателем для более легкого понимания и усвоения. Сборник текстов способствует выработке навыков чтения и перевода литературы по экономике поисковой работе со словарем.

Кафедра иностранных языков, 2011

Contents

Part 1 General Economics 1.1 Free-enterprise or market economy	4 4
1.2 The centrally planned economy	5
1.3 Globalization	6
1.4 American consumer culture goes global	8
1.5 The rich keep getting richer	9
1.6 Booms and recessions	11
1.7 Recruitment presents cross-border challenge	11
1.8 Marketing	13
1.9 Teenage marketing: word-of-mouth approval	14
1.10 Advertising	15
1.11 What is the brand?	17
1.12 Job search	19
1.13 Business Etiquette	20
1.14 Banking	21
1.15 What is Russia’s greatest asset?	22
1.16 Retail sector in Moscow	24
1.17 Chinese business is rooted in tradition	25
1.18 Bicycle Kingdom “Turning to cars”	26
1.19 Contracts	27
1.20 Business letters	28
1.21 History of American money and banking system (first period)	30
1.22 History of American money and banking system (second period)	31
Part 2 Successful Businessmen 2.1 Putting body and soul into shopping for soap	33 33
2.2 Marriott plans to offer regions his hospitality	34
2.3 Scholar takes IT business across the Atlantic	35
2.4 Bill Gates and Microsoft Corporation	37
2.5 Porta Isaakson	39
2.6 Robert Edward Turner	40
2.7 John D. Rockefeller and the Modern Corporation	40
2.8 Henry Ford and the “Universal Car”	42
2.9 Mary Kay Ash	44
2.10 Walt Disney	46
Библиографический список	48

Part 1 General Economics

1.1 Free-enterprise or market economy

There are two forms of economic organisation, the free-enterprise, or market economy, and the centrally planned economy. The main principles of free- enterprise economy were formulated in the 18th century by British economist Adam Smith. According to Smith, people acting in their own economic interests will maximize the economic situation of society as a whole. A free-enterprise economy consists of households and firms that conduct their business. There is private property of consumer goods as well as producers’ goods. Firms sell consumer goods to households, and producers’ goods to other firms. Households sell their services — labour for example — to firms. Buying and selling constitute markets, and prices are formed in such markets according to demand and supply.

The role of the government is providing defense, law and order, education, protection of private property and regulating some economic activities. Governments generally regulate “natural monopolies”, such as utilities or rail service. These industries require such large investments that it would not be profitable to have more than one provider. Regulation is used in place of competition to prevent these monopolies from making too big profits.

Governments may also restrict economic freedom for the sake of individual rights. Examples include laws that restrict child labour, take care of environment and sale of safe goods.

Many people believe that free market gives individual responsibility to make decisions and economic freedom. But free-market economy is also criticized. It does not solve the problem of poverty, and many people become too rich. They can become so powerful, that it can be dangerous for society. Market forces are indifferent to social values and can be manipulated by a few owners of wealth. Market economy can’t guarantee full employment, and use all the resources of the state.

Experience of many countries shows that market economy can’t regulate itself in the periods of hard depressions. This task should be solved by the state. In the 20th century the role of the state in economy greatly increased. The share of the state in gross domestic product increased four times and reached more than 40% in European countries. Nowadays only the fourth part of the world economy is functioning in the conditions of free market.

(1994)