16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa

This type of syntactical transformation is comparatively rear and is characterised by replacing main clause by a subordinate one and visa versa.

While I was eating my eggs, these two nuns with suitcases and all ... came in.

Я їв яєчню, коли ввійшли дві чорниці з валізами й сумками.

16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa

Both in English and Ukrainian sentences can be connected with each other by means of coordination and subordination. Though for Ukrainian (especially for oral colloquial) predominance of coordinate constructions is more characteristic, in English – subordinate constructions prevail and more often met than in Ukrainian. Therefore in translating from English into Ukrainian replacement of subordinate sentences by coordinate ones often takes place:

We had strolled to the front yard where Dill stood looking down the street at the dreary face of the Radley place (To Kill a Mock...)	Ми поплентались у сад, Діл виглянув на вулицю й уважно почав вивчати похмурий будинок Редлі.
He had a new father whose picture was enclosed.	У нього новий батько – це він знятий на фотографії.
I didn’t sleep too long, because I think it was only around ten o’clock when I woke up I felt pretty hungry as soon as I had a cigarette.	Спав я недовго, здається, було годин десять, коли я прокинувся. Викурив сигарету й одразу ж відчув, як я зголоднів.

(Pay attention to the fact, that replacing subordination by coordination in most cases is combined with replacing syndeton by asyndeton).

In the next example replacement of subordination by coordination is combined with transformation of a compound sentence into a simple one with homogeneous predicates:

Stradlater kept whistling “Song of India” while he shaved.

Стедлейтер голився й насвистував „Індійську пісеньку“.

Replacement of subordination by coordination (including asyndeton) may have place within a simple sentence:

I lived in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing of the new dorms.

Я жив у корпусі імені Оссенбергера, у новому гуртожитку.

In translating from Ukrainian into English, on the contrary, coordination, is replaced by subordination:

У столику знайшов папірчика листочок, а на папірчику написано (Ф. Достоєвський)

Also, on the table I found a scrap of paper which had written on it...

Забирай його, диявола, уб’ю! (Горький)

Take that devil out of here before I kill it!...

16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton

In English and Ukrainian coordination may be expressed by both syndetic and asyndetic ways; again for Ukrainian (oral colloquial), asyndetic way is more typical than for English. This fact is reflected in frequent replacement of syndetic type of connection by asyndetic in translating from English:

So I opened my suitcases and took out a clean shirt, and then I went in the bathroom and washed and changed my shirt.

Я відкрив валізи, витягнув чисту сорочку, пішов у ванну, помився й переодягнувся.

In the source sentence copulative conjunction and is used four times, in Ukrainian – only one, at the last member of enumeration.

After I made the date with old Sally, I got out of bed and got dressed and packed my bag.

Домовився з Саллі, потім встав, одягнувся, склав валізу.

In English sentence three conjunctions (after and 2 and) are used, in Ukrainian – none (conjunction after is replaced by adverb потім).

It was hot as hell and the windows were all steamy.

Спека була нестерпна, всі вікна запітніли.

All you do is make a lot of dough, and play golf, and play bridge, and buy cars, and drink martinis, and look like a hot-shot.

Будеш просто гнати монету, грати в гольф, у бридж, купувати машини, пити сухі коктейлі й ходити таким собі півнем.

In translation from Ukrainian into English, on the contrary, asyndeton in most cases is replaced by syndeton:

І сушені вишні тоді були м’які, соковиті, солодкі, духмяні (Чехов. Вишневий сад).

The dried cherries were soft, and juicy, and sweet, and sweet-smelling then.

Questions for discussion:

1. What is pronominalization?

2. What are the reasons to change parts of speech in translation?

3. What changes with adjectives occur in translation?

4. What replacements with members of a sentence occur in translation?

5. How many types of syntactical replacements in a compound sentence do you know?

6. How does the replacement of cooprdination by subordination and vice versa occur?

7. In what way syndeton is replaced by asyndeton and vice versa?