- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
In the structure of compound sentence the following types of syntactical transformations are most often observed:
1) replacement of a simple sentence by a compound one and visa versa;
2) replacement of a main sentence by a subordinate one and visa versa;
3) replacement of a subordination by coordination and visa versa;
5) replacement of syndeton connection by asyndeton and visa versa.
1.a. This transformation is often necessary for rendering English predicative or “half-predicative” constructions with non-personal forms of Verb, which do not have direct correspondences in Ukrainian:
I like watching her dance. (G.Green. The Quiet American) |
Я люблю дивитись, як вона танцює. |
I ever even once saw him brush his teeth. |
Я не бачив, щоб він чистив зуби. (Селінджер). |
You could see the teams bashing each other all over the place. |
Видно було, як обидві команди ганяють одна одну з кінця в кінець. |
He really felt pretty lousy about flunking me. |
Йому було страшенно кепсько через те, що він мене провалив. |
In other instances such transformations are caused by stylistic reasons:
They looked sort of poor. |
Видно було, що вони досить бідні. |
The variant „Вони виглядали досить бідно” is possible, but stylistically the first one is more acceptable.
It was the Saturday of the football game with Saxon Hall. |
Почалося це в суботу, коли йшов футбольний матч з Сексен Холлом. |
At that moment the door was opened by the maid. |
Двері відчинились, і зазирнула покоївка. |
Here the last sentence undergoes the following transformations in translation:
1) simple sentence is replaced by a compound one;
2) subordination is replaced by a coordination;
3) lexical-grammatical replacement is taking place: active – passive (was opened –відчинились);
4) indirect object with preposition by is replaced by subject (maid);
5) the word зазирнула is added;
6) the words at that moment are left out.
The attempt to preserve the initial construction would have resulted in the grammatically accessible, but stylistically very little acceptable phrase: У цей момент двері були відчинені служницею.
A special type of the transformation indicated is joining up two simple sentences into one compound sentence – the so called “sentence amalgamation”:
That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. (Sal. The catcher...) |
Це було давно – здавалось, що пройшло років з п’ятдесят. |
The only thing that worried me was our front door. It creaks like a bastard. |
Єдине мене тривожило – наші парадні двері скриплять як дурні. |
1.b. The transformation of replacing a compound sentence by a simple one is reversible to the previous one:
I figured I probably wouldn’t see him again till Christmas vacation started. (Sal. The Catcher...) |
Я зрозумів, що до початку різдвяних канікул я його не побачу. |
It as pretty nice to get back to my room, after I left old Spencer. |
Приємно було від старого Спенсера потрапити до себе в кімнату... |
Even though it was so late, old Ernie’s was jam-packed. |
Навіть у таку пізню годину в Ерні було повно людей. |
It was so dark I couldn’t see her. |
Я не міг бачити її в темряві. |
1.c. A special type of a given transformation is a so called “sentence splitting” – division of one compound (more rarely – simple sentence) into two or more simple ones. English is characterized by using long sentences with many subordinate clauses and/or participial constructions. Ukrainian press style is characterized, on the contrary, by the attempt or striving to short sentences, which contain informational material:
In the pamflet on Chile published by the Communist Party after the coup last September, the CIA plot against the Allende government was exposed and condemned at a time when The Times was publishing articles by apologists for the Chile junta and the Daily Telegraph was sneering at “those who will soon be manufacturing ingenious theories of CIA involvement”. (MS) |
У брошурі про становище в Чилі, яку випустила компартія після перевороту у вересні минулого року, була розвінчана й осуджена змова ЦРУ проти уряду Альєнде. У той самий час „Таймз“ публікувала статті апологетів чилійської хунти, а „Дейлі Телеграф“ іронізував з тих, „хто незабаром буде фабрикувати хитромудрі теорії про втручання ЦРУ“. |
In translation sometimes one has to resort to splitting and amalgamating sentences at the same time. In the following example one sentence is split into two sentences, the part of the second portion (clause) of the English sentence is transferred into a second one (independent) sentence of the Ukrainian text, i.e. amalgamated with the third part. This transposition is necessary in order to achieve semantic and syntactical “balance” of two Ukrainian sentences:
You couldn’t see the grandstand too hot, but you could hear them all yelling, deep and terrific on the Pencey side, because practically the whole school except me was there (Sal.) |
Трибун як слід розгледіти я не міг, тільки чув, як там кричать. На нашій стороні верещали на все горло – там зібралась уся школа, крім мене. |