- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
The examples of replacements of grammatical word forms in the translation process happens very often. We change the number of nouns, tense of verbs, etc.:
They used to dry cherries and soak them and pickle them, and make jam of them…
Вишню висушували, замочували, закривали, варення варили…
We’re leaving tomorrow (Present Continuous).
Ми поїдемо завтра (майбутній час).
Quite often parts of speech are replaced in a translated text. Nouns are replaced by verbs, pronouns, Gerund is replaced by nouns, verbs, participles, tec. Let us consider the types of replacements of parts of speech:
1. Pronominalization is a widespread replacement when noun is replaced by a pronoun:
Спочатку він висів у кімнаті діда, проте скоро дід прогнав його до нас на мансарду, тому що шпак навчився дражнити дідуся… (М. Горький). |
At first the bird hung in my grandfather’s room, but soon he outlawed it to our attic, because it began to imitate him… |
“I took possession of his effects after his death”, I explained. “They were done up in a parcel and I was directed to give them to you” (S.Maugham, A Casual Affair). |
– Все, що залишилось від нього після смерті, віддали мені, –пояснила я. – Листи й портсигар були зв’язані в пакет. На ньому було написано: передати леді Кастеллан, особисто. |
Here the concretization of pronouns they and you is fulfilled on the basis of a broad context data:
I took the parcel… Inside was another wrapping, and on this, in a neat, well-educated writing… Please deliver personally to the Viscountess Kastellan… The first thing I found was a gold and platinum cigarette case… Besides the cigarette-case there was nothing but a bundle of letters.
2. Below there is a replacement in which Noun is transformed into Verb:
I m a very good golfer. |
Я дуже гарно граю в гольф. |
I’m a very light eater. |
Я дуже мало їм. |
The funny part was, though, we were the worst skaters on the whole goddam rink. |
Але найсмішніше те, що на всій тій клятій ковзанці ми катались гірше за всіх. |
Naturally, I never told him I thought he was a terrific whistler. |
Звісно, я йому ніколи не казав, що він чудово свище. |
...He was a pretty heavy drinker. |
…Він пив як кінь. |
3. In these examples we observe transformation in which Adjective is transformed into Noun:
Australian prosperity was followed by a slump. |
Після економічного розквіту в Австралії настала криза. |
The British Government |
уряд Англії |
The American decision |
рішення США |
The Congolese Embassy |
посольство Конго |
English adjectives in the comparative degree when translated into Ukrainian may be replaced by verbal nouns with the meaning of increasing (growing) or decreasing the volume, size or degree (the type of increasing, decreasing, rising, decline, reduction, etc.):
The stoppage, which is in support of higher pay and shorter working hours, began on Monday. |
Забастовка, учасники якої ви-магають підвищення заробіт-ної платні й скорочення робочо-го дня, почалась у понеділок. |
In translation adjectives can be also replaced by the group “adjective + noun”, if they are used in attributive function:
You always got these very lumpy mashed potatoes... |
До них завжди подавали картопляне пюре з грудочками. |
Adjective in predicative function with link-verb be or another one is often replaced by one verb: to be glad – радіти, to be angry – сердитись, to be silent – мовчати:
I was really glad to see him. |
Я зрадів, побачивши його. |
He was too conceited. |
Надто він хизується. |
Replacements of speech parts are often accompanied by the replacements of the sentence members, i.e. by restructuring the syntactical structure of a sentence.