- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
There is one more group of words and word combinations, which in English have several meanings and are widely used both in neutral and scientific styles, but in Ukrainian they are used only in a limited context. For example, the adjective oral in English is used in different word combinations to express the following meanings:
усний екзамен (oral examination),
усний переказ (oral tradition),
усне свідчення (oral evidence),
школа для глухонімих (oral school),
ротова порожнина (oral cavity),
гігієна ротової порожнини (oral hygiene),
оральний – для внутрішнього вживання, протизаплідна пігулка (oral contraceptive),
щелепно-лицьова хірургія (oral surgery), etc.
In Ukrainian оральний is a medical term:
те, що відноситься до ротової порожнини – вживання пігулок перорально.
Such type of semantic narrowness of the use of this adjective in Ukrainian often results in mistakes which Americans make:
оральний екзамен (instead of усний) or оральний виступ (instead of усний).
Wrong perception of semantics of “false friends” by the Ukrainian speakers as regards English language also causes not only mistakes in speaking but also results in different actions during making clinical decision. E.g.: lexemes which exist in both languages can have the opposite meanings:
комплекція – body building, complexion – colour of face,
ангіна – illness of throat, angina – stenocardia,
презерватив – means against impregnation, preservative – conservation means,
комунікабельний – comradely, friendly, communicable – infectious, contagious disease; презентація – presentation of something, presentation – obstetric term (акушерське передлежання); demonstration of patients, description of a medical case.
We should take this all very seriously and avoid confusing and dangerous accidents when an American doctor in his answer to the question, “How do you treat angina?” will speak about treating heart, and the doctor from Ukraine – about treating throat inflammation.
Questions for discussion:
1. Why is phenomenon of “faulse friends of interpreter” observed in languages?
2. Why do realia cause mistakes in translation?
3. What is homonymy and paronymy?
What are the problems of translating newspaper cliches?
4. What are semantic peculiarities of medical terms?
Remember the information on “false friends” in the table
You mean… |
You should say… |
You should not say… |
Why not? |
Італійський «Вона говорить італійською?» |
Italian “Does she speak Italian?” |
italic |
italic = курсив |
Фокус У неї гарно виходили фокуси з картами. |
Trick “She was good at card tricks.” |
focus |
focus = центр уваги, оптичний фокус |
Стаціонарний У Джона в офісі є стаціонарний принтер. |
Stationary “John has a stationary printer in his office.” |
stationery |
stationery = канцелярське приладдя |
Руль (рос.) Моника нервно вцепилась в руль. |
Steering wheel “Monica nervously clutched the steering wheel.” |
rule |
rule = правило, норма. принцип |
Тон «Якщо ви наберете його номер, ви почуєте характерний тон». |
Tone If you dial the number, you should hear dailing tone.” |
ton |
ton = тонна |
Смокінг Смокінг в якості чоловічого вечірнього костюма з’явився в 1880 році в Монте Карло. |
Tuxedo The tuxedo appeared as evening attire for men in 1880 in Monte Carlo. |
smoking |
smoking = паління |
Вагон Вона в п’ятому вагоні. |
Carriage She’s in the fifth carriage. |
wagon |
wagon = сервірувальний столик, відкритий залізнодорожний вагон |
Віртуозно Він віртуозно впорався з ситуацією. |
Masterly His handling the situation was masterly. |
virtuous |
virtuous = порядний, доброчесний, що має чесноти |
Патрон У них закінчились патрони. |
Cartridge They’ve run out of cartridge. |
patron |
patron = (постійний) клієнт, прокрови-тель, спонсор, керівник |
Міський Мені не подобається міське життя. |
Urban I don’t like urban life. |
urbane |
urbane = світський, ввічливий, ґречний, поштивий |
Транспарант В тексті транспаранта-перетяжки слід вказати назву заходу, дату, час та місце проведення. |
Banner The text on the street banner will include the name of the event, date, time and location. |
transpa-rent |
transparent = прозорий |
Клозет (туалет) Вибачте, де тут у вас туалет? |
Toilet, restroom Excuse me, where is the toilet? |
closet |
closet = гардероб, стінна шафа, комірчина |
Ангіна Умене ангіна. |
Tonsillitis I’ve got tonsillitis. |
angina |
angina = стенокардія |
Авторитарний Його стиль керівництва став надто авторитарним. |
Authoritarian His management style has become too authoritarian. |
authoritative |
authoritative = авторитет-ний |
Курс Я збираюсь пройти курс з ділової англійської мови. |
Course I’m taking a Business English course. |
curse |
curse = прокляття, лайка |
Ліквідувати Щоб ліквідувати заборгованість, довелось продати дочірню компанію. |
Liquidate The daughter company was sold to liquidate the loan. |
liquidize |
liquidize = перетворювати в рідину |
Патетичний Його виступ бів занадто патетичним. |
Emotional His presentation was too emotional. |
pathetic |
pathetic = сумний, зворушливий, жалюгідний, безпорадний |
Медичний рецепт Мені дали рецепт на снодійне. |
Prescription I was given a prescription for sleeping pills. |
recipe receipt |
recipe = кулінарний рецепт, формула receipt = квитанція, отримання чого-небудь |
Конкурент «Треба відвоювати частку ринку у наших конкурентів». |
Competitor “We need to win market share from our competitors.” |
concurrent |
concurrent = одночасний |
Фантазія, уява «Підключіть фантазію!» |
Imagination “Use your imagination!” |
fantasy |
fantasy = уявна історія або ситуация, фантастика (жанр) |
Репліка «Що ви мали на увазі у вашій останній репліці?» |
Remark “What exactly did you mean by that last remark?” |
replica |
replica = точна копія |
Дата «Призначимо дату наступної зустрічі?» |
Date “Shall we fix a date for our next meeting?” |
data |
data = дані |
Проспект «Наш офіс знаходиться на Московському проспекті». |
Avenue “Our office is in Moscow avenue.” |
prospect |
prospect = перспектива |
Чек «Якщо ви збережете чеки, вам повернуть гроші». |
Receipt “If you keep the receipt you’ll get your money refunded.” |
cheque |
cheque = банківський чек |