
- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
The number of prefixes is comparatively limited and countable. The meanings of their synonymous pairs are quite clear anyway:
Latin |
Greek |
Interpretation |
Ambi |
Amphi |
On two or all sides – з обох (усіх) боків |
Super, ultra |
Hyper, epi |
Over, above – понад |
Contra |
Anti |
Against, in opposition to – проти |
Extra |
Exo |
From inside – із середини |
Trans |
Dia |
Through, beyond – крізь |
Inter |
Meta |
Between – між |
Quasi |
Pseudo |
As if – начебто, як би |
Intro |
Endo |
To inside – в середину |
Infra, sub |
Cata, hypo |
Under, below, beneath – попід |
Ex, ab |
Apo |
Deviate, diverge, move away from – відходження |
Re |
Ana |
Repeated rotation – переобертання |
De, dis |
A |
Diverge, “away from” – розходження |
Co |
Sy |
Convergence сходження |
There are some other Latin prefixes:
Ad, in (L.) =en (Gr.) – “towards”, “in the direction of” con – “together”, “with” e(x) – “out of” iuxta – “near”, “close to” ob – “towards” prae – “before” pro – “onward”, “forward”, “in favour of” se – “away from”
Students should be acquainted with the main suffixes:
-ar, -er, -or – active doer,
-ant, -ent, -ance, -ence – the one influenced by the action (passive)
-age – result of forced action
-tion, -sion – action (process)
-able, -ability – ability, power, capacity to act actively.
The most interesting morphemes are roots which possess the following properties:
Main part of word
Must be at least one in a word
In English limited to two in a word
Can occur independently (free roots)
Position is relatively free with respect to other roots (cf.: photograph vs. telephoto)
Tend to have richer, more specific semantic content.
6.4. Latin Roots
Root is the core of a word – stable and unchangeable in terms of meaning, and affixes add some shadow of meaning but do not influence the meaning of a root or change radically the meaning of the whole word, therefore the meaning of the whole word is highly predictable and can be deducted in a descriptive way, if the exact translation is unknown.
English words are coined of morphemes, combined in a variety of ways. Sometimes they are borrowed ready-made, sometimes created for specific purposes as in scientific-technical terminology. The most important task for any interpreter/translator is to be able to understand and explain the meanings of the most frequently used roots in combination with affixes. Understanding the meaning of a root as a main informative part of a word (lexical core of a word) is extremely helpful for understanding the whole word in general. Both in classical languages and English each root is normally assigned one interpretation, which is strictly reserved for it. Once the root has merged with morpheme and formed a word, its interpretation shifts due to the meaning of a morpheme. The words which seem absolutely unrelated, meaningless or heterogeneous appear related by common morphemes, meaningful and uniform. They do not require meaningless and useless cramming. Students start feeling the words and apprehend them as familiar to them. The language as a whole gets closer as its words make more sense.
As soon as the students learn main affixes and roots it proves expedient to give them certain tasks on constructing the words giving them definitions Ukrainian first then in English and they were giving ready-made words:
Акт, ект – діяти
Дез-акт-ив-ація – дія з відхилення дієвості
Транз-акція – опосередкована дія
Контр-акт – протидія
Де-ф-ект – відхилення від потрібної дії
Вен – іти
Вен-тил-яція – забезпечене проходження (повітря)
А-ван-с – до проходження
Ад-вен-тист – той, хто чекає пришестя
Кон-вен-ція – спільна хода до чогось
Students should be paid attention to the fact roots may have different vowels. In old languages as a rule consonants were fixed in writing not vowels – this we find now in the Arabic and Hebrew languages – vowels are not indicated in a written form, because they are unstable and changeable: молоко – малако – млеко- milk, but the combination of consonants mlk is stable.
Вар, вер – міняти
Вер-сія – видозміна
Вар-іант – результат видозміни
Ди-вер-сія – відхилення від потрібної дії
Кон-вер-сія – спільна (супутня) версія
Кон-вер-т – предмет супутньої версії
Ре-вер-с – перезміна напрямку
Ві – бачити
Ві-део – те, що бачать
Ві-за-ві – двоє, які дивляться один на одного
А-ві-зо – зроблене очевидним
Де-ві-з – виділене для огляду
Ди-ві-зія – окремо видне (виділене)
Ди-ві-денд – результат виділення
Про-ві-зія – передбачене
Ре-ві-зія – переоглядання
Теле-ві-зор – пристрій для далекобачення
Scrip (L.), graph (Gr.) – write
De-scrip-tor – from written
Manu-script – written by hand
Trans-cript-ion – rewriting
Graph – element of symbolic description
Graph-ite – substance for writing
Graphics – writing about functional dependence
Auto-graph – self writing
Bio graphy – writing about life
Mono-graph – writing about one topic
Ortho-graphy – correct, right writing
Oscillo-graph – the device to write in the deviations
Para-graph – written alongside, nearby
Para-llelo-gram – outlined by parallel lines
Poly-graphy – polywriting (press)
Photo-graphy – lightwriting
Epi-graph – above the written
Grad – to walk step by step, pace, крокувати
Grad-ation – дія покрокового розміщення
A-ggres-sion – наступ
Des-inte-gra-tion – покрокове розчленування
In-gred-ient – елемент, що входить до складу
Inte-gral – між кроками (заповнення проміжків)
Con-gress – спільне крокування
Pro-gress – крокування до цілі (поступ)
Re-gress – зворотне крокування
Gno, on – to know, denote, designate (знати, означувати)
A-gno-sticism – заперечення можливості пізнання
Dia-gno-sis – через знання
I-gno-re – наче не знати
Pro-gno-sis – передбачення на основі знань
Si-gna-l – співзнак
a-ssi-gn-ation – до означення
Agro-no-mist – полезнавець
A-no-maly – відхилення від знаного
Hyp-no-sis – підсвідомість (підзнання)
Eco-nom-ics – домознавство
Ergo-nom-ics – знання, як треба робити
An-on-ym – безіменний (неозначений)
Ant-on-ym – протизначний
Pseudo-nym – означений замість
Gen – beget, give life, give birth
Gen-esis – породження
Gen-eral – родоначальник
Gen-ius – вроджений
Gen-itals – породжувальні (статеві) органи
Hetero-gen-ic – різнорідний
De-gen-erate – виродок
Gen-tleman – добре вроджений
En-gin-eer – той, хто породжує
Conver-gen-ce – породження спільного варіанту
Exo(endo)-gen-ous – зовнішнього (внутрішнього) породження
Duc, duct – вести
Aque-duct – водовід
Via-duct – шляховід
De-duc-tion – відведення від (виведення)
In-duc-tion – здатність наводити
Con duc-tor – супровідник
Pro duc-tion – проведення (робіт)
Pro duc er – провідник роботи
Re pro duc er – перепровідник (повторювач)
Jec – кидати
Pro-jec-tor – прокидач крізь
In-jec-tion – вкидання
Ob-jec-tive – пристрій відкинутої дії
Sub-ject – той, на кого відкидає об’єкт (підоб’єкт)
Clam – гукати
De-cla-ration – виголошення
Pro-clam-ation – проголошення
Re-clam-ation – переоголошення
Cred – вірити
Cred-it – довіра
Cred-o – вірю
A-ccred-itation – дія з вираження довіри
Dis-cred-it – дія з викликання недовіри
Cred-itor – той, хто довіряє