
- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
Sometimes we have to resort to so called extra-linguistic factor (auxiliary information or background knowledge) to make a correct translation. In other words, in order to translate, we should know not only SL and TL and the translation rules, but also the subject, situation, circumstances, in which the given text functions:
...that Rob had anything to do with his feeling as lonely as Robinson Crusoe (Dombey & Son).
“Rome wasn’t built in a day, ma’am... In a similar manner, ma’am” said Bounderby, “I can wait, you know. If Romulus and Remus could wait, Josiah Bounderby can wait” (Hard Times).
“I do not wonder that you... are incredulous of the existence of such a man. But he who sold his birthright for a mess of pottage existed, and Judas Iscariot existed and Castlereagh existed, and this man exists” (Hard Times).
Neither of these sentences can be fully understood, if a reader has no specific information about subjects, persons and phenomena mentioned here. To comprehend the first sentence, one should know why the name of Robinson Crusoe is identified with the idea of solitude in D. Defoe’s well-known book. To understand the second example one should know, who Romulus and Remus were, one should know the history and ancient mythology of Rome. In the third sentence we should know the Biblical myths about Isahav, who sold his birth right for the mess of pottage, as well as about Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus Christ for thirty silver coins; to understand this sentence, one should also know, who Castlereagh was and what mean things and actions his name is associated with, as it is associated with the ideas of venality and betrayal, so we need to know curtain facts of the English history.
“Open the door”, replied a man outside; “it’s the officer from Bow Street, as was sent to, today!”
A translator should take into account the fact that a reader is unaware of specific realities of another country he lacks knowledge to understand this passage. He does not know that in Bow Street there is a central police board of London. The volume of knowledge of native speakers and readers of the material translated is different and it is a normal situation. The passage sounds strange and is not understandable. The task of translator is to remove this misunderstanding in some way:
„Відчиніть двері! – відповів чоловік за дверима. – Це представник головного поліцейського управління Лондона, за котрим ви сьогодні посилали!“
My nose’s running. Have you got Kleenex or something?
Without any difficulty an American will understand that Kleenex is a well-known brand firm producing napkins, tissue paper, disposable diapers, absorbent paper, table paper cloths, articles of hygiene, etc. The best variant of the translation is as follows:
У мене страшний нежить, не знайдеться в тебе чогось на кшталт носовичка?
The same approach should be preserved when we translate for foreigners having no idea about our important events:
Він пішов в армію 22 червня 1941 року.
The best translated option is as follows:
On the day when Germany attacked Russia he joined the army.
The date unforgettable for every citizen on the territory of the former Soviet Union, might mean nothing for the English speaking reader and needs deciphering in translation, because it is important to emphasize, that the person left for the war on the very first day it started.
The British people are still profoundly divided on the issue of joining Europe.
For the Ukrainian reader it is unclear in what meaning the word Europe is used here. Citizens of the UK are aware of the political atmosphere in the country in 1973; the meaning of expression joining Europe is clear without any explanations:
Серед англійців ще досі існує глибоке непорозуміння щодо вступу Англії в європейський спільний ринок.
In the translation we should resort to some kind of explanation of the word combination “to join Europe” by means of developing (розширення) the meaning by way of adding the words which will make this expression clearer.