Функции инфинитива в предложении

Функции	Примеры	Перевод
1	2	3
Подлежащее	To read aloud is very useful.	Читать вслух очень полезно.
Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (после глаголов: to be, to have, modal verbs, to decide, to promice, to want, to like, to begin, to start, to finish и др.)	Our aim is to master English. She had to go to the library for this book.	Наша цель – овладеть английским. Ей пришлось идти в библиотеку за этой книгой.
Дополнение (после глаголов: to agree, to advise, to afford, to attempt, to aim, to arrange, to ask, to deserve, to fail, to forget, to learn, to manage, to threaten, would like)	He likes to draw. We decided to meet at the station. Don’t forget to leave a message.	Он любит рисовать. Мы договорились встретиться на вокзале. Не забудьте оставить сообщение.
Правое определение	Here is the article to be translated. There are different ways to learn foreign languages.	Вот статья, которую нужно перевести. Существуют различные методы изучения иностранных языков.

Окончание табл.

1	2	3
Обстоятельство	I came to help you.	Я пришел, чтобы помочь Вам.
	To master your English you should mix with a native speaker for a while.	Чтобы улучшить уровень своего английского, Вам необходимо пообщаться с носителем языка.
	The coffee is too hot to drink.	Кофе слишком горячий (для питья).
	He is clever enough to understand the problem.	Он достаточно сооб-разительный, чтобы понять суть вопроса.

Exercise 3. Поставьте частицу to перед инфинитивом, где необходимо.

1) They decided … check the results. 2) We are going … visit the British Stan-dards Institution. 3) … read an instruction is … know how to use an equipment. 4) Make him ... speak louder. 5) These standards need … be corrected. 6) My son asked me ... let him ... go to the theatre. 7) I must ... go to the country. 8) Let me ... help you with your work. 9) She ought ... take care of her health. 10) You can use the Internet … read newspapers and magazines. 11) We had better ... slop to rest a little. 12) I don’t know what ...do. 13) He was seen ... leave the house. 14) We heard the siren ... sound and saw the ship... move. 15) I cannot ... go there now, I have some work ... do. 16) You must make him ... practice an hour a day. 17) He is not sure that it can ... be done, but he is willing ... try. 18) I looked for the book everywhere but could not ...find it. 19) He said that she might ... come in the evening. 20) She was made ... repeat the song. 21) Would you rather ... learn shorthand than typewriting? 22) They must … know more about specification of goods. 23) He wants … be a good expert.

Exercise 4. Напишите возможные формы инфинитива.

А) Indefinite Passive (to translate – to be translated).

to receive, to defend, to defeat, to tell, to write, to read, to do.

В) Continuous Active (to translate – to be translating).

to develop, to make, to discuss, to look, to give, to take, to examine, to watch, to enter.

С) Perfect Passive (to translate – to have been translated).

to send, to finish, to teach, to arrest, to offer, to attack, to make, to do.

D) Perfect Continuous (to translate – to have been translating).

to live, to work, to tell, to teach, to discuss, to look through.

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения с инфинитивом и назовите функции инфинитива в предложении.

1) To use international, state standards, and also standards of unity quantity is very important. 2) In order to explain this we have to study the facts of the case. 3) So as to understand development we must understand the distinction between quantitative change and qualitative change. 4) They want to use this new method of testing. 5) These approaches are too complicated to use them under these conditions. 6) In order to understand things so as to change them we must study them. 7) To know everything is to know nothing. 8) To use this equipment they first must test it in the laboratory. 9) The purpose of this book is to provide a clear understanding of his theory. 10) The only evidence to be accepted is that to be tested by experience. 11) The problem to be solved is under discussion now. 12) The discovery to be made will be of certain value. 13) To know more about standardization in Russia you can find the information in the Internet. 14) Due to the Industrial Revolution it was possible for a workman to control the quality of his own product.15) Experts need to have theoretical knowledge, practical skills and experience in this field. 16) To understand this method one must know something about its specific principles. 17) He proceeded to carry out careful experiments. 18) I hope to be a skilled specialist in the field of standardization. 19) Some characteristics of products need to be standardized. 20) It should be noted that his first research was on a more scientific basis.

Exercise 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1) Нам пришлось пересмотреть эту процедуру оценки соответствия.

2) Чтобы сделать эту работу вовремя, он должен начать ее сейчас.

3) Эта проблема слишком сложная, чтобы решить ее сразу же.

4) Использование этого прибора позволяет осуществлять более сложные тесты.

5) Наша цель заключается в том, чтобы удовлетворить требования потребителя.

6) Мы должны понимать друг друга.

7) Для начала давайте рассмотрим их предложение.

8) Для того чтобы понять рассматриваемую проблему, вы должны прочитать эту статью.

9) Этот метод недостаточно хорош, чтобы использовать его на нашем заводе.

10) Чтобы много знать, ты должен много учиться.

Exercise 7. Откройте скобки, употребив верную форму инфинитива.

1) A standard is the model to which objects or actions may (to compare).

2) I know him (to invite) to the International conference on standardization.

3) (To control) the quality of work manufactured is (to have) success in business.

4) Certification is known (to be) an official conformity of quality.

5) They seem (to finish) their laboratory test.

6) The firm is reported (to conduct) negotiations for the purchase of sugar.

7) I know them (to develop) a new standard.

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Составьте аннотацию к тексту.

Пояснения к тексту:

SSM – State System of Measurement

METROLOGY

The work aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements in Russia is being carried out based on the law of Russian Federation «On Assurance Of Measurement Uniformity».

The normative basis of the state system of the implementation of the uniformity of measurements (State System of Measurements) is a complex of normative documents including state standards and other normative documents specifying the order of transferals of the sizes of units throughout the territory of Russia, as well as the order of carrying out the tests, checks and calibrations of measurement instrumentation. The Russian state stock of standard specimens forms a technical basis for SSM. The Russian stock of standard specimens consists of 116 state primary and special standard specimens.

Gosstandart (State Committee for Standards) of Russia controls the activities of the State Metrologic Service, which includes, the state scientific metrologic centers (metrologic scientific research institutes) and bodies of the State Metrologic Service on the territories of entities belonging to Russian Federation (territorial bodies of Gost R).

Gost R controls: The State Service for Standard Frequency, Time and Determination of Parameters of Rotation of the Earth, State Service for Standard Specimens Relating to Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials, State Service for Standard Reference Data on the Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials. Gost R carries out the state metrologic control and inspection.

The state metrologic control includes: the approval of the type of measurement instrumentation; the checks of measurement instrumentation; licensing of the activities of legal entities and individuals relating to manufacture, repair, sale and hiring-out of measurement instrumentation.

The state metrologic inspection includes the inspection of: the manufacture, condition and use of measurement instrumentation; the certified methods of measurement; the standards of units; observation of metrologic rules and norms; quantities of goods lost in the course of business; quantities of packed goods contained in all types of packages and the course of the packaging; process and sale of the product.

Vocabulary:

aimed at ensuring – нацеленных на обеспечение

assurance – гарантия

implementation – осуществление, выполнение

transferals – перемещения

specimens – образцы

repair – ремонт

hiring-out – сдача напрокат

Exercise 8. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста и переведите

1) предложение с Participle II в функции правого определения

из второго и третьего абзаца текста

1. предложение с Participle I в функции правого определения.

Exercise 9. Oпределите, являются ли утверждения верными относительно информации, содержащейся в тексте.

1) The work aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements in Russia is being carried out as voluntary one.

2) The state metrologic inspection includes the inspection of the standards units, quantities of goods lost in the course of business and etc.

3) The state metrologic inspection includes only the inspection of: the manufacture, condition and use of measurement instrumentation.

4) The Russian state stock of standard specimens forms a technical basis for SSM.

LESSON 7

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Пояснения к тексту:

IEC – the International Electrotechnical Commission (МЭК)

ISO and IEC

ISO does not work alone in international standardization. It collaborates very closely with its partner, IEC. ISO is the acronym for the International Organization for Standardization, while IEC stands for the International Electrotechnical Commission. An agreement reached in 1976 defines responsibilities: the IEC covers the field of electrical and electronic engineering, all other subject areas being attributed to ISO. IEC has members from over 40 countries which represent some 80 % of the world's population. When necessary, attribution of responsibility for work programs to ISO or IEC is made by mutual agreement. In specific cases of mutual interest, joint technical bodies or working groups are set up. Common working procedures ensure efficient coordination and the widest possible global application. Together ISO and IEC form the world's largest nongovernmental system for voluntary industrial and technical collaboration in the field of standardization.

ISO and IEC are not part of the United Nations, but have many technical liaisons with the specialized UN agencies. Several are actively involved in international standardization such as the International Telecommunication Union, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, etc.

The relationship with regional standardization ISO maintains close working relations with regional groups of standards bodies. In practice, the members of such regional groups are also members of ISO and the principle is generally accepted that ISO standards are taken as the basis for whatever standards are required to meet the particular needs of a given geographical region.

ISO and CEN (European Committee for Standardization), for example, have defined procedures for the development of standards that will be acceptable both as European Standards and as International Standards. The benefits for industry are wide-reaching. With the motto, "Do it once, do it right, do it internationally", being practiced, industry does not need to be involved in both European and international fore in the same areas.

Vocabulary:

collaborates – сотрудничает

mutual – взаимный

liaisons – связь, взаимодействие

fore – зд. передний край

Exercise 1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.

1) What is ISO’s close partner in international standardization?

2. Are ISO and IEC part of the United Nations?

3. Do ISO and IEC have liaisons with the specialized UN agencies?

4. Why doesn’t industry need to be involved in both European and international fore in the same areas?

Exercise 2. Выпишите из текста и переведите:

a) определенные соглашением 1976 г. обязанности ИСО и МЭК;

b) международные организации по стандартизации;

c) девиз для промышленности, помогающий достичь успеха.

Exercise 3. Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно изложите его содержание. Используйте схему написания реферата-резюме и клише.

Грамматика: Сложное дополнение, сложное подлежащее.

(Complex Object, Complex Subject)

Object + Infinitive after the verbs:	Subject + Infinitive after the verbs:
1) expect, believe, think, understand, consider, suppose, know, assume
We know him to be a good poet.	He is known to become a good poet.
2) see, feel, hear, watch, listen, notice, smell, seem, appear, prove, happen, turn out
We heard him be /being a good poet.	He proved to become a good poet.

Сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее – специфически английские обороты, на русский язык переводятся, соответственно, придаточным дополнительным (Мы знаем, что он...) и безличным (Известно/оказывает-ся/по-видимому, (что) он...) предложениями. После глаголов чувственного восприятия возможно употребление герундия (в таких случаях инфинитив употребляется без частицы to: помимо этого to может опускаться после двух глаголов-исключений: help и dare – She helped (to) introduce the guests). Сложное дополнение может также использоваться в предложной конструкции: It is important for him to study poetry.

Конструкция глагол + сложное дополнение

Некоторые глаголы в английском языке могут иметь при себе сложное дополнение. Сложное дополнение представляет собой оборот, состоящий из двух частей. Первая часть, подлежащее, представляет собой имя существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже. Вторая часть – это инфинитив (Infinitive). Первая часть является подлежащим сложного дополнения, а вторая – его сказуемым. Например, в предложении I want him to come. – Я хочу, чтобы он пришел. – глагол want имеет сложное дополнение, выраженное оборотом him to come. Подлежащим данного оборота является местоимение в объектной форме him, а сказуемым – инфинитив to come. В предложении He painted the house red. – Он покрасил дом в красный цвет. – глагол paint имеет при себе сложное дополнение the house red, подлежащим которого является именная группа the house, а сказуемым – прилагательное red.

Общая формула:

Имя сущ. в общем падеже / Местоимение в объектн. пад. + Инфинитив

Ex.: I saw the car turn round the corner.

Конструкция «сложное дополнение» употребляется:

1) После глаголов, обозначающих желание и намерение: to want (хотеть, нуждаться), to wish, to desire (желать), to mean (намереваться, иметь в виду), to intend (намереваться, планировать), should/would) like (хотел бы) etc.

Ex.: Did he want us to know it? – Он хотел, чтобы мы знали об этом?

2) После глаголов, обозначающих чувства и эмоции: to love (любить), to hate (ненавидеть), to like/dislike (нравиться/не нравиться) etc.

Ex.: I hate you do it. – Терпеть не могу, когда ты делаешь это.

3) После глаголов, выражающих знание, осведомленность, мнение, предположение: to think (думать), to know (знать), to consider (считать, полагать), to suppose (предполагать), to believe (верить, считать), to expect (ожидать, надеяться), to find (находить, признавать), to trust (надеяться, считать, полагать) etc.

Ex.: I expect him to know it. – Я надеюсь, он знает это.

4) После декларативных глаголов: to report (сообщать, передавать), to declare (заявлять, объявлять), to pronounce (провозглашать) etc.

Ex.: Everyone declared him to be the best man for the job. – Все заявили, что он самый подходящий кандидат на эту должность.

5) После глаголов чувственного восприятия: to hear (слышать), to see (видеть), to feel (чувствовать), to watch, to observe (наблюдать), to notice (замечать) etc. После глаголов этой группы частица to перед инфинитивом опускается.

Ex.: I saw him cross the street. – Я видел, как он переходит улицу.

6) После глаголов, выражающих приказание, просьбу, разрешение: to order, to command (приказывать), to ask (просить), to let, to allow (позволять, разрешать) etc. После глагола to let частица to перед инфинитивом опускается. После глаголов этой группы употребляется объектный падеж с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге.

Ex.: I let him go there. – Я позволил ему пойти туда.

Ex.: The manager ordered the cargo to be insured. – Менеджер приказал, чтобы груз застраховали.

7) После глаголов, выражающих причинную обусловленность: to make (заставлять, вынуждать), to cause (служить причиной/поводом чего-либо; мотивировать, вызывать), to get (сделать, вызывать некоторое действие/заставлять), to have. После глаголов to make и to have инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

Ex.: What makes you do so? – Что заставляет тебя так поступать?

Exercise 4. Проанализируйте структуру объектного инфинитивного оборота, затем запишите и переведите предложения.

1) I know them to be testing new products.

2) We consider the results to be satisfactory.

3) He wanted us to visit the British Standards Institute.

4) I know them to be inventing a new device for our machine.

5) We consider the interaction of institutes of standardization to be a positive economic benefit.

6) They expect the students to know fundamentals of certified tests.

7) We would like the readers to increase their knowledge of standardization and certification.

Exercise 5. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения с Complex Object:

1. He insists on things to be changed for the better for the relationship to work. 2. Many couples have found active listening to spark spontaneity and increase the satisfaction of a conversation. 3. She states career burnout to occur over a period of time with everybody. 4. They say the term diaspora to have been historically used for characterizing people who are drawn to one another across a distance. 5. Some people suggest their personal recollections to be confused with outside sources of information. 6. Graphologists are sure the hidden traits of friends and business associates to be discovered by means of careful examination of their handwriting. 7. Analysts of the Russian Research Center maintain the proportion of the middle class to have reached 10 percent. 8. It is known the first hospice to have been organized with the assistance of philanthropists. 9. I don't bear the children to be treated badly. 10. I should like you to participate in the research in the near future.

Exercise 6. Переведите следующие предложения с Сomplex Object:

1. I have heard the professor mention about this unexplained phenomenon several times. 2. We aim at developing the fair to become a well-established international market place for the warehouse industries. 3. The unexpected circumstances made them refuse from the business trip and send a message with apologies. 4. They saw her prepare for the experiment under new conditions. 5. The scholar noticed his co-workers look exhausted and fatigued after this complicated experiment. 6. She has heard him occupy a leading position in the research center. 7. She noticed somebody attentively examine her face and looks. 8. He observed her change the subject of the conversation from time to time avoiding unpleasant topics. 9. She heard somebody call her name several times, in surprise she turned back but saw nobody familiar to her. 10. The situation made them change their plans immediately lest they should fail in the given affair. 11. They saw a shabby person come up to them with a smile on his face as if he were their old friend.

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION

What does it achieve ?

Industry-wide standardization is a condition existing within a particular industrial sector when the large majority of products or services conform to the same standards. It results from consensus agreements reached between all economic players in that industrial sector – suppliers, users, and often governments. They agree on specifications and criteria to be applied consistently in the choice and classification of materials, the manufacture of products, and the provision of services. The aim is to facilitate trade, exchange and technology transfer through:

• enhanced product quality and reliability at a reasonable price,

• improved health, safety and environmental protection, and reduction of waste,

• greater compatibility and interoperability of goods and services,

• simplification for improved usability,

• reduction in the number of models, and thus reduction in costs,

• increased distribution efficiency, and ease of maintenance.

Users have more confidence in products and services that conform to International Standards. Assurance of conformity can be provided by manufac-turers' declarations, or by audits carried out by independent bodies.

How are ISO standards developed ?

ISO standards are developed according to the following principles:

*Consensus: the views of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and research organizations.

*Industry-wide global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide.

*Voluntary: international standardization is market-driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the market-place. There are three main phases in the ISO standards development process.

The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector, which communicates this need to a national member body. The latter proposes the new work item to ISO as a whole. Once the need for an International Standard has been recognized and formally agreed, the first phase involves definition of the technical scope of the future standard. This phase is usually carried out in working groups which comprise technical experts from countries interested in the subject matter.

Once agreement has been reached on which technical aspects are to be covered in the standard, a second phase is entered during which countries negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard. This is the consensus-building phase.

The final phase comprises the formal approval of the resulting draft International Standard (the acceptance criteria stipulate approval by two-thirds of the ISO members that have participated actively in the standards development process, and approval by 75 % of all members that vote), following which the agreed text is published as an ISO International Standard.

Most standards require periodic revision. Several factors combine to render a standard out of date: technological evolution, new methods and materials, new quality and safety requirements. To take account of these factors, ISO has established the general rule that all ISO standards should be reviewed at intervals of not more than five years. On occasion, it is necessary to revise a standard earlier.

To date, ISO's work has resulted in 9 300 International Standards, representing some 170 700 pages in English and French (terminology is often provided in other languages as well).

To accelerate the standards process (handling of proposals, drafts, comment reviews, voting, publishing, etc.) ISO makes use of information technology and programme management methods.

A list of all ISO standards appears in the ISO Catalogue.

Exercise 7. Выпишите незнакомые слова в словарь. Значение слов вы можете найти в приложении А.

Exercise 8. Сделайте реферирование текста.

Exercise 9. Подготовьте устную тему «Экология». Воспроизведите тему на английском языке. Используйте следующие слова и фразы:

Ecological situation; water (air, land) pollution; acid rains (sulfates); smog; bad breath; destruction of ozone layer (ozone holes); radiation; poison in food (pesticides); garbage (or trash); cause; lead to; a great catastrophe; destroying of oxygen balance; disappearing of forests (animals, birds, fish, plants, mankind); measures to protect environment; recycling; the transfer of industry to; low-and-non-waste technology; modern filtering technique; space laboratories to control over the state of environment.

LESSON 8

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WHY IS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION NEEDED?

International standardization is now well-established for very many technologies in such diverse fields as information processing and communications, textiles, packaging, distribution of goods, energy production and utilization, shipbuilding, banking and financial services. It will continue to grow in importance for all sectors of industrial activity for the foreseeable future.

The main reasons are:

Worldwide progress in trade liberalization

Today's free-market economies increasingly encourage diverse sources of supply and provide opportunities for expanding markets. On the technology side, fair competition needs to be based on identifiable, clearly defined common references that are recognized from one country to the next and from one region to the other. An industry-wide standard, internationally recognized, developed by consensus among trading partners, serves as the language of trade.

Interpenetration of sectors

No industry in today's world can truly claim to be completely independent of components, products, rules of application, etc., that have been developed in other sectors. Bolts are used in aviation and for agricultural machinery; welding plays a role in mechanical and nuclear engineering and electronic data processing has penetrated all industries. Environmentally friendly products and processes, and recyclable or biodegradable packaging are pervasive concerns.

Worldwide communications systems

The computer industry offers a good example of technology that needs quickly and progressively to be standardized at a global level. ISO's OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is the best-known series of International Standards in this area. Full compatibility among open systems fosters healthy competition among producers, and offers real options to users since it is a powerful catalyst for innovation, improved productivity and cost-cutting.

Global standards needs for emerging technologies

Standardization programmes in completely new fields are now being developed. Such fields include advanced materials, the environment, life sciences, urbanization and construction. In the very early stages of new technology development, applications can be imagined but functional prototypes do not exist. Here, the need for standardization is in defining terminology and accumulating databases of quantitative information.

Developing countries

Development agencies are increasingly recognizing that a standardization infrastructure is a basic condition for the success of economic policies aimed at achieving sustainable development. Creating such an infrastructure in developing countries is essential for improving productivity, market competitiveness, and export capability.

Vocabulary:

distribution – распределение

utilization – использование

foreseeable – предвиденное

fair – справедливый

welding – сварка

claim – требование

penetrate – охватывать

recyclable – перерабатываемый

biodegradable – биологически распадающийся

pervasive – распространяющийся повсюду

catalyst – катализатор

sustainable – постоянный

Exercise 1. Сделайте реферирование текста.

Exercise 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1) Where is International standardization well-established now? 2) What does an industry-wide standard, internationally recognized, developed by consensus among trading partners serve as? 3) Can industry in today's world truly claim to be completely independent of components, products, rules of application? 4) What does full compatibility among open systems foster among producers and offer to users? 5) What is the need for standardization in? 6) What are development аgencies increasingly recognizing?

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

THE FIVE FOUNDATIONS OF

A CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONCIBILITY (CSR)

Five elements emerged from the Consumer Protection in the Global Market Working Group Report as fundamental to the effective implementation of any CSR principles :

• identification and selection by a firm of relevant substantive CSR norms and principles;

• techniques for engaging the full range of stakeholders impacted by a firm’s activities in firm-level corporate responsibility development and implementation approaches;

• processes and systems to ensure effective operationalization of CSR commitments and objectives, and measurable, verifiable results;

• techniques for the verification of progress towards CR commitments and objectives;

• techniques for stakeholder and public reporting and communication.

An effective approach to CSR will necessarily involve all five elements, and will also be flexible and practical so that it is useable by firms in widely divergent environments.

There was nothing new in corporate social responsibility systems. Many already exist, of varying quality, developed by international organizations as well as individual firms. Even good faith efforts to be socially and environmentally responsible may suffer in the confusing sea of variable quality initiatives.

The system of assessment and ratings being used within any firm allows them to make an accurate evaluation of the situation of any country in which they are envisaging setting up a factory or a site, from the point of view of its human rights record, its employment situation and its social environment. They all experience the positive role which industrial companies play in the social and economic wellbeing of their communities in the pre and post-independence era. Despite attitudes that are sometimes being judged ‘paternalistic’ or even ‘patronizing’, the benefits are real.

Exercise 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов.

Возникать; защита потребителя; применение; относящийся к; независимые нормы; под воздействием; подтвержденные результаты; гибкие и практичные; ответственный за экологию; точная оценка ситуации.

Exercise 4. Завершите предложения словами или фразами из текста.

1) An effective approach to CSR will also be … and … .

2) Good faith efforts to be … may suffer in the confusing sea of variable quality

initiatives.

3) The system of … being used within any firm allows them to make an accurate evaluation of the situation of any country.

4) They all … the positive role which industrial companies play.

Грамматика: Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)

Некоторые глаголы и прилагательные в английском языке могут употребляться в конструкции со сложным подлежащим. Сложное подлежащее – это оборот, состоящий из двух частей. Первая часть представляет собой именную группу, включающую существительное или местоимение в общем падеже. Вторая часть – это инфинитив (Infinitive) или причастие (Participle). Первая часть является подлежащим оборота, а вторая – его сказуемым. Сам глагол (прилагательное), к которому относится сложное подлежащее, располагается между первой и второй частями сложного подлежащего. Например, в предложении He is said to resemble me – Говорят, он похож на меня – в роли сложного подлежащего выступает оборот, состоящий из местоимения в общем падеже he и инфинитивного оборота to resemble me (Он похож на меня, и об этом говорят). Особый случай представляет собой сложное подлежащее в предложениях типа The problem is hard to solve – Эту задачу трудно решить.

Общая формула:

Имя сущ. в общем падеже / Местоимение в именит. падеже + Инфинитив

Ex.: He is known to have been an artist.

Конструкция «сложное подлежащее» употребляется:

1) После глаголов чувственного восприятия: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to notice etc.

Ex.: He was seen to dance. – Видели, как он танцует.

2) После глаголов, выражающих знание, осведомленность, мнение, предположение: to think (думать), to know (знать), to consider (считать, полагать), to suppose (предполагать), to believe (верить, считать), to expect (ожидать, надеяться), to find (находить, признавать), to understand (в знач. узнавать, иметь сведения) etc.

Ex.: He is supposed to come early. – Полагают, что он придет рано.

3) После декларативных глаголов: to say (говорить), to state (заявлять, сообщать), to report (сообщать, передавать), to declare (заявлять, объявлять), to pronounce (провозглашать) etc.

Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived. – Сообщили, что делегация уже приехала.

4) После глаголов to seem, to appear (казаться), to prove, to turn out (оказываться), to happen, to chance (случаться)

Ex.: I happened to hear this news yesterday. – Случилось так, что я слышал эту новость вчера.

5) После сказуемого, выраженного словосочетанием глагол-связка to be + прилагательное: to be likely(вероятно), to be unlikely (маловероятно), to be certain (несомненно), to be sure (определенно, безусловно).

Ex.: They are sure to come. – Безусловно, они придут.

The weather is unlikely to change. – Маловероятно, что погода изменится.

Предложение со «сложным подлежащим» переводится на русский язык сложноподчиненным предложением. Глагол в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным оборотом (говорят, сообщают и т.п.), играющим роль главного предложения, за которым следует придаточное предложение с союзом что. Существительное или местоимение, стоящее перед глаголом в страдательном залоге, становится в русском предложении подлежащим придаточного предложения. Инфинитив переводится глаголом в личной форме, который служит сказуемым придаточного предложения.

1) В конструкции со сложным подлежащим употребляются выражения be likely, be unlikely, be certain, be sure.

Ex.: He is sure to come back. – Он точно вернется. He is likely to stay for a week. – Он, скорее всего, останется на неделю.

2) Многие глаголы, употребляющиеся в активном залоге в конструкции со сложным дополнением (Complex Object), могут также употребляться в страдательном залоге (Passive) в конструкции со сложным подлежащим (We elected him president. – Мы избрали его президентом. / He was elected president. – Он был избран президентом.).

3) Многие другие глаголы, употребляющиеся в активном залоге в конструкции со сложным дополнением, включающим инфинитив с частицей to, могут также употребляться в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice) в конструкции со сложным подлежащим.

She was invited to participate. – Ее пригласили поучаствовать. I was asked to come. – Меня попросили прийти. He was recommended to buy the book. – Ему рекомендовали купить книгу.

Глаголы like, dislike, hate, prefer, wish, intend, get, have не употребляются в конструкции со сложным подлежащим (можно сказать I prefer him to drive, но нельзя сказать He was preferred to drive by me).

Конструкция For + Infinitive

(Construction For-phrase + Infinitive)

Формула: For + сущ. (или мест.) + Infinitive

Ex.: It is very important for him to know English.

This is for you to decide.

The coffee is too hot for me to drink.

The last thing for him to do was to be late for the wedding.

Exercise 5. Проанализируйте структуру субъектного инфинитивного оборота, затем переведите предложения.

1) «Sonya» is committed to become an indispensable element in the lives of people all over the world.

2) She seems to know the answer to this question.

3) He proved to be a good certifier.

4) The Institute is known to be active in both national and international standardization.

5) Certification schemes are considered to indicate that a product meets certain requirements.

6) They are expected to know and use basic concepts in the field of standardization and certification.

7) They are believed to master methods of drawing up standards and cheching sheets for carrying out the certified process.

Exercise 6. Прочитайте и переведите предложения с Complex Subject:

1. His theory is said to have been developed for half a century. 2. He is likely to have made a full review of the article. 3. He proves to be a leading expert in the field of standardization. 4. The tests are reported to have been over successful. 5. The conference is supposed to be held at the end of June. 6. The translation of the article is certain to be published next month. 7. Many foreign delegates appeared to know Russian. 8. All the groups happen to be divided into primary and secondary. 9. His interest is believed to have increased in this joint venture. 10. Everybody is sure to know at least one foreign language. 11. She is said to be impressed by his manner of speaking. 12. The present is known to be involved in the past and the future to be involved in the present. 13. Our knowledge of the world is believed to be limited in time and space. 14. The problem of science and religion is known to have been the subject of long discussions. 15. His ideas are considered to be truthful as they give a right explanation of the world. 16. A master status is regarded to have great importance for shaping a person's entire life.

Exercise 7. Прочитайте и переведите предложения с Complex Subject.

1. Water and air pollution is recognized to have caused dramatic changes in the environment. 2. The climate is certain to be changing with each year as a result of atmospheric pollution. 3. Human activity turned out to destroy a great number of exotic animals and plants. 4. Environmentalists are likely to do their best so that to restore the ecological balance on the planet. 5. Single motherhood is known to have produced some negative effects on the formation of a personality. 6. Such children are sure to experience hardships in their childhood by being teased by their classmates. 7. Nobody is certain to like being called a liar. 8. Emotional losses are believed to be shared by spouses in the marital situations. 9. Middle age is considered to present a watershed: the first half of one's life is spent in moving into life, the second half – in preparing for death.

LESSON 9

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Пояснения к тексту:

GDP – Gross Domestic Product (валовой национальный продукт)

HL7 – Health Level 7

IT – International Telecommunication

STANDARDIZATION PROMOTION SYSTEM

Standardization in Europe is said to be well planned and systematically carried out, and standardization in the USA is said to be concentrated mainly on the market and on utility.

There are various matters such as each nation's characteristics and the distinctive features of each enterprise through the standardization activities for workflow, document management, dispersed objects and security. Among these, the merits of the participation of members related to government in Europe and North America, and the cooperation of industry, government, and academia in Northern Europe, Canada, and Australia are often realized. Notably, the standardization activities in the organization for each field such as the military, fields related to government, medical treatment, insurance, electronics, and automobiles, etc., mainly in the USA, have been playing important roles. Also, activities have been generalized mainly in local areas such as security, "marketplace", etc.

The scale of industry related to medical treatment in Europe and North America has grown to have a double-digit share of GDP, and has a more and more important position from the political, social, and economic viewpoints. The medical industry has complicated and diversified aspects in relation to IT, and there have been various partial developments of information systems. With the sharp increase of social demand and with technological progress, the advancement of the medical industry at present is most remarkable, making it a noteworthy field. Various types of standardization have already been carried out in Japan, the global standardization movement has advanced in the last several years, particularly in the USA, and the potential for standardization using HL7. has rapidly increased.

Since the 1990s, TC (Technical Committee) 25 of the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) has been promoting standardization corresponding to the above, and this, together with HL7, has an 80 % share of the world market. TC215 of the ISO will cooperate with TC251 to promote standardization. ISO has extracted some of the portion with high potential in each segment, and has established 5 Working Groups (WG) which are now active.

Vocabulary:

dispersed – распространенные; разбросанные

merits – достоинство

double-digit – двузначный

noteworthy – заслуживающий внимания

Exercise 1. Внимательно прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно изложите его содержание, используя схему написания реферата-резюме и клише. Объем – 10 предложений.

Exercise 2. Завершите предложения словами и фразами из текста.

1) There are various matters such as each nation's characteristics and the … of each еnterprise.

2) Standardization in Europe is said to be … .

3) Standardization in the USA is said to be concentrated mainly on … .

4) With the sharp increase of … and with … , the advancement of the medical industry at present is most remarkable.

5) … of standardization have already been carried out in Japan.

Exercise 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.

Национальные характеристики; отличительные черты; деятельность по стандартизации; сотрудничество в промышленности; медицинское обслуживание; страхование; масштаб производства; резкое увеличение социального спроса; динамика глобальной стандартизации.

Exercise 4. Какие советы вы дадите пассажиру в чужой стране?

How to find luggage check in. How to find а cafeteria. How to find cart rental end. How to check in at the airport. How to ask a clerk about train departure. How to find First Class Carriage at a railway station. To litter or not to litter in a hall. What kind of travel card to buy.

Exercise 5. QUIZ ???

1) Who was the first president of the USA?

2) When was the Declaration of Independence signed?

3) Who was America named after?

4) What was the name of the ship which brought emigrants to America in 1620?

5) What is the name of the building where the US government seats?

6) In what year was the first Thanksgiving feast?

7) Which city was the first capital of the USA?

8) What building does the president live and work in?

9) What is the name of the national anthem of the USA?

10) What are the names of the American flag?

11) What is the American symbol of freedom?

12) When do Americans celebrate Christmas?

13) How are the steppes of North America called?

14) Who is the commander-in-chief of the U.S. armed forces?

15) What is the American Parliament?

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте реферирование текста.

HISTORICAL NOTES

After declaring independence from Great Britain and prior to the formation of the United States of America, authority rested with the individual states to regulate products and to conduct such product assessments as were deemed necessary. With the signing of the U.S. Constitution, states gave to the federal government the authority to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ...".

However, in the first ten amendments to the Constitution, also known as the "Bill of Rights," the States spelled out that the "... powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people".

As a result, authority in the United States is split between the federal and state governments to regulate products (and to assess the conformity of products to mandatory requirements).

Conformity assessment is defined as: "any activity concerned with determining directly or indirectly that relevant requirements are fulfilled." Conformity assessment procedures provide a means of ensuring that the products, services, or systems produced or operated have the required characteristics, and that these characteristics are consistent from product to product, service to service, or system to system. Conformity assessment includes: sampling and testing; inspection; certification (of both products and personnel); and quality and environmental system assessment and registration. Conformity assessment also includes accreditation of the competence of those activities by a third party and recognition (usually by a government agency) of an accreditation program's capability.

At the federal level, one of the first instances of major regulatory involvement in product certification occurred approximately 60 years ago.

At that time U.S. drug manufacturers could produce and sell drugs without testing them on either animals or humans and without any kind of governmental approval. Governmental action could be taken only against drugs which were misbranded or approval. In 1937, physicians in Tulsa, Oklahoma reported to the American Medical Association (AMA) the deaths of six patients from a version of the drug sulfa. This drug ultimately killed 107 people, mostly children, before doctors realized what was happening and the drug was recalled. This tragedy led to the enactment of the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which requires that drugs be tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before marketing. From such early beginnings, the federal involvement in certification has grown both in extent and complexity.

Vocabulary:

rested with – возлагать на

deem – полагать; считать

amendments – исправления; поправки

relevant requirements – уместный, относящийся к делу

approval – одобрение

Exercise 6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1) When did authority rest with the individual states to regulate products and product assessments?

2) What is the result of it?

3) How is Conformity assessment defined?

4) What does Conformity assessment include?

5) What tragedy led to the enactment of the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?

Грамматика: Согласование времен.

Правило согласования времен.

В английском языке время глагола в придаточном предложении зависит от времени, в котором употреблен глагол в придаточном предложении. Употребление времен в придаточных предложениях, главным образом дополнительных, подчиняется следующим правилам:

1. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одной из форм настоящего времени (обычно Present Simple или Present Perfect) или будущего времени (обычно Future Simple), то глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в любом времени, которое требуется по смыслу:

He knows that you are busy. He has said that he received a letter yesterday.

2. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в одном из времен Past ( обычно Past Simple), то формы настоящего и будущего времени не могут употребляться в придаточном предложении. В этом случае глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в одной из форм прошедшего времени или будущего в прошедшем (Future in the Past).

Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous заменяются соответственно формами Past Simple, Past Perfect и Past Perfect Continuous; Past Simple и Past Continuous заменяются соответственно формами Past Perfect и Past Perfect Continuous; Future Simple, Future Continuous и Future Perfect заменяются соответствующими формами Future in the Past.

I was sure that you knew her address. Я был уверен, что вы знаете ее

адрес.

I thought that he was waiting for me Я думал, что он ждет меня в

in the entrance hall. вестибюле.

I was sure that he had left Moscow. Я был уверен, что он уехал из

Москвы.

I hoped that I should find him Я надеялся, что застану его дома.

at home.

Прямая и косвенная речь (Direct and Indirect Speech).

Содержание ранее высказанного сообщения можно передать прямой речью (от лица говорящего) или косвенной речью (от лица передающего). Например,

She said: “I can speak two foreign languages” (прямая речь).

She said she could speak two foreign languages (косвенная речь).

В косвенной речи также соблюдается правило согласования времен. При обращении утвердительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:

1. Косвенная речь вводится союзом that, который часто опускается.

2. Глагол to say, после которого следует дополнение, заменяется глаголом to tell.

3. Личные и притяжательные местоимения заменяются по смыслу.

4. Времена глаголов в придаточном предложении изменяются согласно правилам согласования времен.

5. Указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места заменяются другими словами:

this	that
these	those
now	then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
the day after tomorrow	two days later
yesterday	the day before
the day before yesterday	two days before
ago	before
next year	the next year, the following year
here	there

Общие вопросы вводятся союзами if / whether, соответствующими русской частице «ли». В придаточном предложении сохраняется порядок слов утвердительного предложения. He asked her, “Do you want to see the new film?” – He asked her whether she wanted to see the new film.

Специальные вопросы вводятся тем же вопросительным словом, с которого начинается прямая речь. Соблюдается порядок слов утвердительно- го предложения. He asked me, “What is the price of this car?” – He asked me what the price of this car was.

Для передачи побуждения в косвенной речи употребляются простые предложения с инфинитивом с частицей to. Если прямая речь выражает приказание, то глагол to say заменяется глаголом to tell (велеть) или to order (приказывать). Если прямая речь выражает просьбу, глагол to say заменяется глаголом to ask (просить). She said to him, “Come at five o’clock”. – She told him to come at five o’clock.

(Более подробную информацию по теме вы найдете в приложении Б).

Exercise 7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен.

1) He indicated that his opinion was based on his experience.

2) He indicated that his opinion had been and would be based on his experience and his evidence.

3) He said he had known nothing about the decision at that time.

4) It was realized that by 20011 there would be a need to construct an additional warehouse.

5) She thought how nice it had been to have a day off.

6) We knew he was wrong.

7) I told you I was not pretending to be your only friend.

Exercise 8. Откройте скобки, употребив верную форму глагола, применяя правило согласования времен.

1) He said the specialists in this field (be) aware of significant importance of standardization.

2) He pointed out that they (take) into consideration new developments in this field.

3) He said they (pass) through a dynamic period of reorganization.

4) They informed us that the ship (arrive) at the end of the week.

5) They reported that they (engage) the central help service which (have) the auto system “Standard line”.

6) They assured us that they (improve) quality of their goods.

7) She said one (must) take into consideration new developments in this field.

Exercise 9. Переведите в косвенную речь следующие предложения.

1) He said, “Certification schemes indicate that a product meets definite requirements”.

2) They said, “The manufacturing process has developed greatly”.

3) She said, “The ISO published information about the history of the organization”.

4) He said, “When prototype testing is successful it doesn’t necessarily ensure that the production model will perform as expected”.

5) My friend asked, “What does the quality of product depend on?”

6) They asked, “How can a manufacturer register his QA system?”

7) We asked, “What tragedy led to the enactment of the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?”

8) She asked “Will he be at home at five o’clock?”

9) He asked me, “Have you received our invoice?”

10) He said to me, “Don’t go their.”

11) I said to her, “Please, bring me a glass of water”.

LESSON 10

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The utilization of inappropriate technologies and the widespread adoption of unsustainable production patterns are inefficient in the use of renewable resources, and lead to pollution, energy inefficiency, high yields of waste, and workplace hazards such as toxins. It is important to prevent pollution from the very start of the production process. Sustainable production could be best addressed in a participatory approach. Workers and communities contribute knowledge, experience and creativity to solving complex problems that affect their lives. Getting the world onto a sustainable consumption trajectory will take decades but there is no reason for delaying action – quite the contrary. There is a growing desire among individual and corporate consumers to choose environmentally superior goods and services. If sustainable consumption is to be achieved, it will become increasingly necessary in such situations to put sustainability first. This will not necessarily require economic sacrifices: indeed, welfare and employment may be increased.

The environmental improvements have to be made to patterns of consumption and production in ways that raise the quality of life and enhance efficiency and competitiveness.

The UN Commission on Sustainable Development had pointed to the need to target policy measures at changing the behaviors of individual households, business, governments, and international organizations. There are various means of addressing the critical themes including assessing trends in industry production patterns and identifying policies and strategies for cleaner production, and providing better access to information on cleaner production technologies for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. More work needs to be done to study the needs of the wide numbers of stakeholders, as well as to examine in detail the national experiences in Spain, Israel, Japan and others. Any management system standard or other type of ISO document envisaged would need to give due consideration to the widely differing possibilities and requirements of developing countries. It would take into account their fears of having another set of management system standards set up (after ISO 9000 and ISO 14000) which could represent a further layer of requirements imposed on them to implement. At the same time, it could help assuage the fears of industry that such a standard would affect their bottom line, and represent yet further expense for little added value. This is the beginning of the beginning. And it is most encouraging to see industry business, consumers and the standards community seeking to reach consensus on this important issue, and to look for a cohesive, constructive way forward.

Though international standards are for voluntary application, history has proved them powerful levers to improve situations. Now they become gradually accepted benchmarks of behaviour.

Exercise 1. Выпишите выделенные в тексте слова и найдите их значение в словаре.

Exercise 2. Придумайте свой вариант заголовка к тексту. Сделайте реферирование текста.

Exercise 3. Ролевая игра. Воспроизведите ситуацию на выставке. Поделитесь с партнером информацией о выставке.

International Exhibition «CERTIFICATION AND REGULATION 2009»

Time of realization: September, 23-26, 2009.

Place of realization: Pavilion 5, Expocenter Fairgrounds, Moscow.

The organizers: Exhibition Company "Mir-Expo".

Under the auspices of: Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology, All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Certification, ZAO ”EXPOCENTR”.

General information support: RIA «Standards and quality».

Official internet-partner: "Alyans-Media".

Official post-press release:

There are 58 exhibitors who take part in the exhibition, 6 of which are the foreigners representing 4 countries. The exposition space total 250 sq m.

The main purpose of the exhibition is to demonstrate the possibilities of the firms in the field of the certification service in the domestic and international markets, to apply standards of the technical regulation as regards the Russia entry into the WTO and the necessity of the service and products certification according to the international rules.

The display of the Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology and All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Certification showcase the current state of the legislative foundation in the field of the certification.

Within the frame work of the exhibition there is practical research conference: “Actual problems of the products and services certification provided in the international markets”, the round tables “Confirmation of Conformity as Regulator of Modern Market” and “On Service Certification Provided in Retail”.

Sections of the Exhibition:

• Certification of the Russian companies’ products in the international market;

• Certification of the Russian and international firms’ products to be realized in the Russian market;

• Certification of the quality management within the ISO 9001:2000 system;

• Ecological certification within the ISO 14001 system;

• Labour safety certification at the enterprises;

• Products and services voluntary certification systems;

• Certification, evaluation and capitalization of the intellectual property;

• Law services applied to the products certification;

• Equipment and devices intended for the centers of the evaluation of the conformance.

Appreciations obtained from some participants of the exhibition:

“To hold the exhibitions of the similar themes in Russia is surely the timely undertaking as there is lack of the impartial information about the service certification among the consumers of these services: i.e. companies need to confirm the conformity of their products or management systems to the domestic or international standards”.

“The exhibition has a good chance to occupy the fitting position in the Russian market of the certification services as a ground to establish business relations between the certification bodies and consulting community and to inform the parties concerned (i. e. the industrial enterprises and the organizations involved into the service circles) about the possibilities in the field of the certification”.

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Придумайте свой вариант заголовка.

The worldwide supply of goods has become so abundant and at the same time so uniform that consumption has turned into a cultural act, and what’s worse, it has become completely unsustainable.

Faced with the new realities of globalization, the consumer movement must focus its priorities on creating fair, transparent and competitive markets and on achieving sustainable consumption and development. All of this should be carried out within a framework of equity, a search for social justice, consolidation of democracy, greater governability and more citizen participation. But it is considered to be a priority that relations of consumption operate in an environment where ethical treatment prevails, on behalf of both producers and consumers. If relations of consumption are not based on ethical values, then norms, standards and certification do not make any sense. The necessity is recognized to promote standardization as a way to diminish the negative effects that modernity, free markets and globalization have on consumers.

Ethics is at the heart of justice and morality, and accountability is a check on ethics and deals with trust and confidence. The absence of both ethics and accountability can, in the view of many philosophers, lead to the destruction of society. The system of justice needs to do a better job at measuring up against spiritual and moral values and the rule of law.

From the moment we are born, we are consumers according to our possibilities, although as we grow up, our capacity to consume will vary greatly depending on our social class and the country where we live. In the current economic model, relations of consumption are highly unequal, and consumers are generally at a disadvantage to producers or suppliers.

In developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, indeed, the acceleration of communications, information, and advertising, along with the arrival of Internet and e-commerce, have instilled consumption patterns imposed by the interests of large. There is a need for a standard based on a holistic approach that involves all aspects of life. It will be an excellent tool for the guidance of corporate managers, and will enable a real contribution to the community.

Exercise 4. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста на русский язык и выучите их наизусть.

Worldwide supply of goods; abundant; to promote standardization; to diminish the negative effects; spiritual and moral values; rule of law; capacity to consume; relations of consumption; excellent tool for the guidance; contribution to the community.

Грамматика: Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood)