Oral hygiene - гігієна ротової порожнини

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

hygiene , entail , plaque remnant ['remnant], inconvenient ,substitute [sΛbstitju:t], method , detergent , alternative ,additional .

Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:

Measure ['me ə] засіб

Remnant ['remnant] залишки

Debris ['debri] відкладення, наліт

Occasion [ə'kei n] випадок

Plain [plein] простий

Raw [ ] свіжий, сирий

Rinse [rins] ополіскування

Firm [fə:m] твердий

Substitute [sΛbstitju:t] замінник

Tough [tΛf] жорсткий

Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:

1. Resistance of teeth to disease	1. Першопричина карієсу та захворювань пародонту
2. The primary cause of caries and periodontal disease	2. Стійкість зубів до захворювань
3. Satisfactory alternative to brushing	3. Полоскання рота звичайною водою
4. Plain water mouth rinse	4. Усунення залишків їжі
5. Elimination of food stagnation	5.Утримання зубів чистими від залишків їжі
6. Keeping the teeth free from food debris	6.Задовільна альтернатива чищенню

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalent to the following word combinations:

Dental disorders, elimination of food stagnation, bacterial irritation, dental health education, resistance of teeth to disease, detergent food, by virtue of…, tough fibrous consistency, to scour the teeth clean of food remnants, a plain water mouth rinse, food particles, a satisfactory alternative to brushing, an additional measure.

Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian using Active or Passive voice:

Every tooth (to insert) into the jaw by its root.

Dentine (to occupy) the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.

Because the important tooth comes through at such an early date and (not to replace) a temporary tooth, it (to overlook) and (to permit) to decay.

The duct from the parotid gland (to pass forward) through the check to open into the buccal sulcus.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Oral hygiene and the prevention of dental disease

Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris,² thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way³ of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby scour the teeth clean of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done⁴ it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not a satisfactory alternative to brushing; it is an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.

¹which in turn — який, в свою чергу…

²keeping the teeth free from food debris — утримування зубів чистими від залишків їжі

³the only way — єдиний шлях

⁴when properly done — за умови правильного виконання

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What do most disorders arise from?

Why does prevention of dental disease entail elimination of food stagnation?

What does food stagnation cause?

What methods of prevention do you know?

How can plaque formation be prevented?

What is oral hygiene?

Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?

How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?

What detergent food can you name?

What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?

Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?

What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?

When does tooth brushing remove plaque?

Exercise 8. Translate the following words putting each of them into the appropriate column of the table according to the part of speech they belong to:

Dental, basic, rinse, particle, debris, , to substitute, free ,to remove, periodontal, simply, primary, to clean, brushing, bacterial, to brush, oral, possible, оn , regularly, can, cleaning, to rinse meal, detergent, after, raw, firm, tough, mouth, at, fibrous, measure, inconvenient, effective, of, clean, consistency, from, satisfactory, additional, properly, to do.

Noun	Verb	Preposition	Adjective	Adverb
measure	to do	of	firm	properly
…	…	…	…	…

Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English:

Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis, normal occlusion.

Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Прямо або опосередковано; зубний наліт; призводити до ...; уникнути; залишки їжі; утримувати зуби чистими від нальоту; сирий; за рахунок; де-небудь іще ; полоскання ротової порожнини водою; краще , ніж ніщо; чищення зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додатковий захід.

TEST

1. Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly ... two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease.

a) out of b) from c) in d) out e) on

2. The primary cause of caries and periodontal disease is …

a) food stagnation b)dental bleaching c) smoking d) hereditary factor

e) inflammation of the gums

3. The methods of prevention of dental disease are …

a) oral hygiene b) whitening toothpastes c) dental health education

d) increasing the resistance of teeth to disease e) preventive dentistry

4. Preventing plaque formation can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly … meals and not eating … meals.

a) between b) among c) during d) instead of e) after

5. Detergent food is recommended to eat after main meals because it ...

a) can perfectly scour the teeth clean of food remnants

b) includes a great amount of vitamins c) is a part of the niceties of table manners

d)is an excellent substitute for tooth-brushing e)can be used if tooth-brushing is impossible

6. Cleaning is best performed by …

a) brushing b) mouth rinse c) eating carrot d) visiting dentist e) not eating at all

7. Caries is caused by the …

a) bacterial irritation b) smoking c) acid production d) excessive chewing movements e) virus

8.Brushing after meals can only be effective if it ...

a) removes a film bacterial masses on the surfaces of teeth

b) accelerates plaque formation c) makes you sure of your fresh breath

d) is performed three hours after meals e) brings you pleasure

9. Plaque removal is ... great importance ... the etiology ... dental disease.

a) of, among, at b) in, at, of c) of, in, of d) of, in, for e) of, during, at

10. ... plaque which is allowed to remain in the gingival previce between the gum margin and neck of the tooth ... that occurring on the tooth surfaces above the gum margin can calcify and harden to form tartar.

a) neither, nor b) either, or c) both, or d) both, and e) as, as

11. Buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces are cleaned by a ...

a) rotary motion from tooth to gum b) up and down motion

c) rotary motion from gum to tooth d) left and right motion e) roundabout motion

12. When the mouth is thoroughly rinsed with warm water to expel food debris dislodged by the toothbrush, brushes should ...

a) wash and dry b) be washed and dried c) sterilized by alcohol d) be washed afterwards e) put into special sterilizing liquid

13.After brushing the mouth is ... to expel food debris dislodged by the toothbrush.

a) thoroughly rinsed with hot water b) thoroughly rinsed with warm water

c) rinsed with sodium bicarbonate solution d) to be rinsed with hot water

e) rinse with warm water

14. Correct and effective tooth-brushing ... the way described in the text requires time, knowledge and skill.

a) on b) like c) as d) at e) in

15. The gingival margins are cleaned by a backwards and forwards motion which must ... gently to avoid abrasion ... the necks of the teeth.

a) to do, within b) be done, of c) to do, of d) have been done, at e) do, in