Robert Koch – Роберт Кох

1. Practice the pronunciation and translate the following words:

Resource [ri'sɔːs] bacillus [bəˈsɪləs]

microbiology [ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒɪ] isolate [ˈaɪsəˌleɪt]

vibrio [ˈvɪbrɪˌəʊ] predominance [prɪˈdɒmɪnəns]

miasma [mɪˈæzmə] major [ˈmeɪdʒə]

preeminence [pri(:) 'eminəns] award [əˈwɔːd]

laboratory [ləˈbɒrətərɪ]

2. Topic vocabulary:

Limited resources - обмежені кошти, ресурси to carry on - продовжувати

research work - досліднецька робота to allow - дозволяти

findings - отримані/ здобуті данні a mouse - миша / mice - миші

widely spread - широко поширений

due to - завдяки, дякуючи, внаслідок

formally renamed - офіційно переіменований

to be unaware of - не знати, не підозрювати

to be responsible for - бути відповідальним за

to manage - справлятися, ухитритися, примудритися

a bacterium - бактерія, мікроорганізм / bacteria - бактерії, мікроорганізми

3. Fill in the gaps with modal verbs.

Can, must, should, could, be able to, might, need, have to

1. You…try to avoid tight clothing, sitting in deep armchairs and bending, especially after meals.

2. If you aren't feeling better in 7 to 14 days, you really …come back and see me again.

3. You…end up with a serious drug problem.

4. I expect things will settle in a few days and you'll…get up.

5. If you still have some pain, you…keep taking paracetamol.

6. Some time off work…help.

7. I'll start you off with the tablets. If they don't help, we'll… to think about surgery.

8. You don't…insulin right now but it is possible you…need it in the future.

9. What about ay night? Do you…get up at night?

10. In severe cases, there…be scars afterwards.

4. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1. The patient was able to fall asleep after taking the medicine.

2. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations.

3. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.

4. The scientist can prove his investigations.

5. The nurse must feed the infant.

6. The patient may walk.

5. Complete the word formation table ( part I).

NOUN	VERB
treatment	to treat
	to sterilize
	to injure
	to bleed
	to purify
	to transmit
	to advise

6. Complete the word formation table (part II)

NOUN	ADJECTIVE
persistence / persistency	persistent
medicine
culture
technique
direction
microscope
anatomy
death
infection

7. Read and translate the text.

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was bom in Clausthal, Prussia one of the German states as the son of a mining official. He studied medicine under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle at the University of Gottingen and graduated in 1866. He then served in the Franco-Prussian War and later became district medical officer, Wollstein, Prussian Poland. Working with very limited resources, he became one of the founders of bacteriology, the other major figure being Louis Pasteur.

When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. This book included the investigations of his research work carried out during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India. Koch identified the vibrio bacterium that caused cholera, though he never managed to prove it in experiments. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water.

The bacterium had been previously isolated by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his work had been ignored due to the predominance of the miasma theory of disease. Koch was unaware of Pacini's work and made an independent discovery, and his greater preeminence allowed the discovery to be widely spread for the benefit of others. In 1965, however, the bacterium was formally renamed Vibrio cholera Pacini 1854. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel Prize for his work on tuberculosis.

Koch's pupils found the organisms responsible for diphtheria, typhoid, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, cerebrospinal meningitis, leprosy, bubonic plague, tetanus, and syphilis, among others, by using his methods. Robert Koch died on 27 May 1910 from a heart-attack in Baden-Baden, age 66.

8. Answer the questions:

1. When was Robert Koch born?

2. What did Koch discover in 1882?

3. What did Koch describe in his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society?

4. Did Koch manage to publish his work?

5. How was the bacterium renamed?

6. What Prize did Robert Koch get for his work on tuberculosis?

7. What was found by Koch's pupils?

8. What methods did they use?

9. How old was Robert Koch when he died?

10. Where did it happen?

9. Match the term and its definition.

cerebrospinal meningitis, bubonic plague, tetanus, typhoid, pneumonia, leprosy, diphtheria, syphilis

1. - a serious infectious throat disease that makes breathing difficult;

2. - a serious infectious disease that is caused by dirty food or drink;

3. - a serious disease of the lungs that makes it difficult for you to breathe;

4. - a very serious disease, passed on during sexual activity or from parent to child;

5. - a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc

6. - a very serious infectious disease in which the flesh and nerves arc gradually destroyed;

7. - a very serious disease spread by rats, that killed large numbers of people in the Middle Ages;

8. - a serious illness caused by bacteria that enter your body through cuts and wounds and make you muscles, especially your jaw, go stiff.

10. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:

1. He studied medicine under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle at the University of Gottingen and graduated…1866.

2. Working…very limited resources, he became one … the founders of bacteriology, the other major figure being Louis Pasteur.

3. The bacterium had been previously isolated…Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini … 1854, but his work had been ignored due…the predominance of the miasma theory of disease.

4. Koch was unaware…Pacini's work and made an independent discovery, and his greater preeminence allowed the discovery to be widely spread…the benefit of others.

5. In 1884 Koch published his book…cholera.

6. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel Prize…his work…tuberculosis.

11. Dwell upon: Anatomist, tuberculosis bacilli, theory, benefit, heart-attack, method

TEST

1. Prussia is one of the … states.

1. French b) German c) British d) African

2. Robert Koch served in the…War.

1. Caucasian b) Crimean c) Franco-Prussian d) Russian-Turkish

3. Robert Koch became one of the founders of…

1. Surgery b) the University of Gottingen c) the Indian Veterinary Research Institutе

2. d) bacteriology

4. The bacterium had been previously isolated by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his work had been ignored due to the … of the miasma theory of disease.

1. Seniority b) superiority c) predominance d) prevalence

5. Koch's pupils found the organisms … diphtheria, typhoid, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, cerebrospinal meningitis, leprosy, bubonic plague, tetanus, and syphilis, among others, by using his methods.

1. in charge of b) liable c) answerable d) responsible for

6. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis…and the ways to reveal them.

1. Bacilli b) bacterium c) virus d) microorganism

7. Koch determined that these bacteria spread through drinking …

1. Substance b) water c) liquid d) essence

The founder of virology D.I.Ivanovsky

Засновник вірусології Д.Й. Івановський

.

Alexander Fleming – Олександр Флемінг

EXERCISE 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Research [ ri s: t∫] Bacteria [b æ k ti ə ri ə]

Colony [kl ə ni ] Dangerous [ d e i n d ə r ə s]

Expert [eksp: t] Experiment [ iks perimənt]

Appear [ə pi ə] Disappear [dis ə  pi ə]

Immediately [ i mi:di ə tli] Growth [ grəu]

Pure [ pu ə] Penicillin [peni  silin]

Biology [ bai l əd i] Biologist [bai  l əd ist]

Pure [ pju ə ] Cure [ kju ə]

EXERCISE 2. Topic vocabulary:

Research – (часто pl) наукове дослідження; вивчення; дослідницька робота; досліджувати, займатися дослідженнями;

Investigation – дослідження;

Dangerous – небезпечний, ризикований;

to disappear – зникати, пропадати; щезати;

immediately – негайно, невідкладно; як тільки;

phenomena – pl від phenomenon – явище;

numerous – численний;

to grow (grew; grown) – рости; посилюватися; збільшуватися;

Growth – ріст, зростання; розвиток;

By means of – за допомогою;

Expert – досвідчений; обізнаний (в, на - at, in); кваліфікований; знавець, експерт; фахівець;

Discover – відкриття;

Production – продуктивність;виробництво;виготовлення;

Pure – чистий; бездомішковий;

to cure – лікування; виліковувати, зціляти(ся);

to mark – відзначати; позначати.

EXERCISE 3. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading:

[ ] – come; become, accompany; comfort, discomfort.

[ ə  ] – dangerous, fibrous, nervous, infectious, various, croupous.

[ ] – autumn; because, August, trauma.

[ d] – Damage, cabbage, marriage, passage, message, cartilage, storage.

[ ə] – Bacterium, cementum, sputum, fungus, August, septum, tetanus, serum, column, autumn.

[ ə ] – bacteria, pneumonia, insomnia, edema, anuria, malaria, cholera.

[ a] – ( - i . pl. ) – cocci, calculi, fungi, bacilli, glomeruli, streptococci.

EXERCISE 4. Translate the following word combinations:

Research work; bacterial action; dangerous bacteria; to study the phenomenon; experiments on animals; to stop the growth; to appear on dry bread; a method of extracting pure penicillin; to interest biologists; the beginning of penicillin treatment; to receive the Nobel Prize; to save the life.

EXERCISE 5. Match the following terms with their definitions:

Bacteria	- any of a group of antibiotics with powerful bactericidal action, used to treat many types of infections, including pneumonia, gonorrhoea, and infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci: originally obtained from the fungus Penicillium, esp P. notatum;
pneumonia	- any of various chemical substances, such as penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, produced by various microorganisms, esp. fungi, or made synthetically and capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, esp. bacteria;
Antibiotic	- a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains володіння of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular одноклітинний, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animals;
Microbe	- inflammation of one or both lungs, in which the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with liquid, which renders виконувати them useless for breathing. It is usually caused by bacterial (esp. pneumococcal) or viral infection
Penicillin	- any microscopic organism, esp. a disease-causing bacterium.

EXERCISE 6. a). Pay attention to Grammar.

He said: » I get up at eight o'clock. » Не said, "We have finished our work." He said, "I will write the letter tomorrow."

Не said that he got up at eight o'clock. Не said that they had finished their work. Не said that he would write the letter the next day.

*Вказівні займенники та прислівники часу та місця в прямій мові замінюються в непрямій мові за змістом іншими словами, як і в українській мові:

this	замінюється на that
these		–	those
now		–	then
today		–	that day
tomorrow		–	the next day
the day after tomorrow		–	two days later
the day before yesterday		–	two days before
next			the next
ago next year в будущем году		–	before the next year, the follow­ing year в следующем году
here		–	there
yesterday		–	the day before накануне

b). Change the following sentences into Indirect speech:

1. The doctor said: “As soon as the analysis of the gastric juice is ready, I will administer you a treatment”.

2. "This plate cannot be used for the experiment," said the assistant.

3. "Some mould [mould] (плесень) has formed on it and I'll have to take another plate," he said.

4. The assistant said: “The dish is dotted усівати with bacterial growth, apart from one area where a patch пляма неправильної форми of mould is growing”.

5. But he said: "Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it."

6. The researcher said: “The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy people died.”

EXERCISE 7. Read and translate it paying attention to Emphatic Construction: