The oral cavity - ротова порожнина

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

mucus ['mju:kas]; saliva [sə'laivə]; maxilla [mæk'silə]; mandible ['mændibl]; grind [graind]; branch [bra:nt∫]; tissue ['tisju:]; surface ['sə:fis]; palate ['pælit]; dense [dens]; contain [kən'tein].

Exercise 2. Learn the following words:

to attach прикріплювати branch галузь to contain містити dense щільний to grind перемелювати jaw щелепа mandible нижня щелепа maxilla верхня щелепа moist вологий mucus слиз

palate піднебіння root корінь saliva слина socket лунка sponge губка, губчастий to supply забезпечувати surface поверхня tissue тканина tongue язик

Exercise 3. Read the word combinations and translate them:

Jaw: stationary jaw, movable jaw, lower jaw, upper jaw, branch of the jaw.

Bone: dense bone, hard bone, sponge-like bone.

Tissue: red tissue, moist tissue, glistening tissue.

Surface: inner surface, outer surface.

Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents:

Protective covering, parotid gland, moist tissue, inner surface, dense bone, sponge-like structure, lower jaw, stationary part, floor of the mouth, horseshoe-shaped.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive voice:

1. The upper jaw is attached to the skull by muscles.

2. The lower jaw is made up of two parts.

3. The bone which sponge-like in structure is called the alveolar process.

4. The roots are held in sockets by a membrane.

5. Three principal pairs of glands are recognized.

6. Food is ground up by the teeth.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

The human being has two jaws: an upper and a lower one. The upper jaw (the maxilla) is stationary forming part of the skull. The lower jaw (the mandible) is movable and attached to the skull by muscles. The Lower jaw is made up of two parts: the horse-shoe-shaped horizontal portion to which the teeth are attached and which is called "the body of the mandible" and the perpendicular part, the ramus. There are two rami, the left and the right.

The major portion of the structure, which makes up the jaw, is dense, hard bone but there is a part which is sponge-like in structure. This is called the alveolar process: and contains the sockets into which the roots of the teeth fit. The roots are held in place in sockets by a membrane, which is called the periodontal membrane.

A red, moist, glistening tissue, which is called the mucous membrane or mucosa forms a protective covering for the tongue, palate, floor of the mouth and the inside of the lips and cheeks, much as the skin does for the rest of the body.

Underneath the tongue and the inner surface of the cheeks there are glands, three principal pairs being recognized: the sublingual, submaxillaries and parotids. They supply water, ferments and mucus to the food which is ground up by the teeth.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What does the lower part of the facial skull consist of?

2. What is the structure of the jaw bone?

3. Where do the roots of the teeth fit?

4. What does mucosa form?

5. Where are glands situated?

6. What are the names of the principal glands?

7. What do the salivary glands supply to the food?

Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The lower jaw is made up of two parts.

2. The roots are held in sockets by a membrane.

3. The mucous membrane forms a protective covering.

4. The salivary glands supply water, ferments and mucus to the food ground up by the teeth.

5. The upper jaw is stationary.

Exercise 9. Find antonyms to the following words:

Moist, lower, hard, underneath, inside, horseshoe-shaped.

Exercise 10. Retell the text.

TEST

1. … is stationary forming part of the skull.

a) the lower jaw b) the upper jaw c) the mandible d) the maxilla e) the tongue

2. The Lower jaw is made up of two parts: the horse-shoe-shaped horizontal portion and …

a) the tongue b) the branches c) the ramus d) the gums e) the chin

3. The major portion of the structure, which makes up the jaw, is dense, hard bone but there is a part which is … in structure.

a) connective b) cartilage c) sponge-like d) tube-like e) fibrous

4. The roots are held in place in sockets by a membrane, which is called …

a) the gum b) the cartilage membrane c) the pulp d) the periodontal membrane e) the bone membrane

5. A red, moist, glistening tissue, which is called … forms a protective covering for the tongue, palate, floor of the mouth and the inside of the lips and cheeks, much as the skin does for the rest of the body.

a) the bone membrane b) the cell membrane c)the mucous membrane d) the cartilage membrane e) the periodontal membrane

6. … glands supply water, ferments and mucus to the food which is ground up by the teeth.

a)the salivary b)the submaxillaries c)the thyroid d)the sublingual

e)the parotids