Iron залізо To facilitate сприяти, полегшувати

To resist протистояти Insufficient недостатній

Bleeding кровотеча Vector вектор, носій (інфекції)

To transmit передавати HIV ВІЛ

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) СНІД

Waste products продукти життєдіяльності, відходи

Trace amount сліди (дуже незначна кількість)

Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian:

Bodily fluid, waste products, whole blood, aqueous solution, iron-containing protein, to facilitate transportation of oxygen, the most numerous cellular elements, the clotting of blood, bleeding disorders, an important vector of infection, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, to be transmitted through contact of blood.

Word-building

Exercise 4. Make up the words with the opposite meaning by means of suffix in- (im-, ir-, il) and translate them.

Effective, perfect, sufficient, real, responsible, adequate, reversible, moral, logical, personal, movable, frequent, resistant

Grammar Participles The doctor examining the patient was my father.

The patient examined by the doctor was my father.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the form of Participles:

1. Oxygenated blood is bright-red.

2. In most insects, their “blood”, called hemolymph, does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin.

3. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body 2,000 times as great as the body’s exterior surface.

4. Blood plasma is an aqueous solution containing 92% of water.

5. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is normally about 45%.

6. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients and removes wast products.

7. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of metabolism produced by cells.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Blood is a bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells – such as oxygen and nutrients – and transports waste products away from the cells.

It is composed of blood cells and blood plasma.

About 55% of whole blood is plasma. The blood plasma volume is 2.7-3.0 liters in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% of water, 8% of proteins, and trace amount of other materials. The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.

The blood cells are red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelet.

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen. Red blood cells are the most numerous cellular elements.

White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets (thrombocytes) are important in the clotting of blood. Ineffective or insufficient platelets can result in bleeding disorders. Hypercoagulation can cause thrombosis.

Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus, which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact.

Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-).

Exercise 7. Complete the questions to the text and answer them:

1. What elements …? 2. What amount of proteins …?

3. Is hemoglobin …? 4. Do leukocytes help …?

5. What blood cells are important in …? 6. What viruses are…?

7. What terms often begin with …?

Exercise 8. Choose from the text synonymic words and expressions to the given ones:

erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte, sepsis, coagulation, hemorrhage, required substances, to make easier, to result in, to convey, water solution, the source of infection.

Exercise 9. Insert the proper participle:

1. Blood (associating, associated) with a large number of believes (вірування) is a symbol for family relationships.

2. Viral infections (transmitting, transmitted) through blood are extremely dangerous to people.

3. Arteries are blood vessels (carrying, carried) blood from the heart.

4. Hepatitis B is transmitted by (infecting, infected) blood or blood products, or Hemoglobin is an iron- (containing, contained) protein.

5. Nutrients (dissolving, dissolved) in blood are delivered to the body’s tissues.

Exercise 10. Define the terms: Blood , Blood plasma , Leukocytes , Thrombocytes , Sepsis

TEST

1. Blood is a bodily … delivering required substances to the body’s cells.

1. Liquid b) fluid c) water d) plasma e) serum

2. Blood plasma contains … of proteins.

1. 55% b) 92% c) 8% d) 7-3.0% e) trace amount

3. Red blood cells provide …

1. resistance to infections b) transportation of oxygen

c) clotting of blood d) sepsis e) bleeding disorders

4. The abbreviation AIDS means …

1. acute immune disease syndrome b)acquired immune disease syndrome

c) acute immune deficiency syndrome d) acquired immune deficiency syndrome

e) acquired immune disease sign

5. Red blood cells are the most … blood elements.

1. Many b) number c) much d) numerous e) very

Haemoglobin - Гемоглобін

Exercise 1. Learn the following words

haemoglobin	[,hiːməˈɡlәʋbɪn]	гемоглобін
globulin	[´ɡlɒbjʊlɪn]	глобулін
chain	[´t∫eɪn]	ланцюг, ланцюжок; цеп
alpha	[´ælfә]	альфа
beta	[´bi:tә]	бета
gamma	[´ɡæmmә]	гамма
molecule	[´mɔlɪkju:l]	молекула
haeme	[´hi:m]	гем (небілкова частина гемоглобіну)
gene	[´ʤi:n]	ген
protein	[´pr әʋ tei:n]	протеїн, білок
adolescence	[ædә´lesns]	юність, юнацтво
impede	[im´pi:d]	затримувати; перешкоджати, заважати
decilitre	[desi´li:tә]	децилітр
anemia	[ә´ni:miә]	анемія
altitude	[´æltitju:d]	висота; висота над рівнем моря
deprive	[di´praiv]	позбавляти (чогось - of)
compatible	[kәm´pætәbl]	(with) сумісний, сполучний

Exercise 2. Read and guess the meaning of the following words.

Haemoglobin, fluid balance, abbreviation, globulin, oxygen, alpha, carbon dioxide, beta, normal, gamma, important central structure, molecule, transport, gene, protein, color, deciliter, function, anemia, milliliter, gram, person, laboratory, traumatic, vitamin B12, dehydration, genetic, defective, result, organs, adequate oxygen, thalassemia,  mechanism.

Exercise 3. Find corresponding equivalents:

sickle-cell disease carbon dioxide doping globulin chain haeme complete blood count (CBC) the gender of the person nutritional deficiency whole blood hereditary disease

вуглекислий газ глобуліновий ланцюжок небілкова частина гемоглобуліну стать людини цільна кров спадкова хвороба клінічний аналіз крові недостатність живлення серпоподібноклітинна анемія тимчасове підвищення активності організму

Exercise 4. Complete the table with missing forms.

Nouns	Verbs
treatment
	to ingest
increase
enlargement
	to react
breath

Exercise 5. Read and then translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian language:

By means of chemical agents; in adolescence; during pregnancy; nitrogenous compounds; in response to; sickle cell haemoglobin; characteristic colour; haemoglobin content; after middle age; the more common causes; loss of blood; replacement of bone marrow; at high altitudes;

proper fluid balance; advanced heart disease; abuse of the drug; pass through small blood vessels; in order to; to be compatible with life; a colourless odourless highly reactive gaseous element.

Exercise 6. Match the words with their definitions.

haemoglobin	… a colourless odourless highly reactive gaseous element: the most abundant element in the earth's crust (49.2 per cent).
haem	… loss or deficiency of water in the body tissues.
sickle cell disease	… refers to a group of hereditary conditions with quantitative haemoglobin deficiency.
protein	…. is a genetic condition in which the quality of hemoglobin is defective.
thalassemia	…. any of a large group of nitrogenous compounds of high molecular weight that are essential constituents of all living organisms.
anaemia	…. a complex red organic pigment containing ferrous iron, present in haemoglobin.
dehydration	…. a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or in their haemoglobin content, resulting in pallor, shortness of breath, and lack of energy.
oxygen	…. a conjugated protein, consisting of haem and the protein globin that gives red blood cells their characteristic colour. It combines with oxygen and is thus very important in the transportation of oxygen to tissues.

Exercise 7. Translate the following Participles:

Beginning; connected; consisting; contained; living; advanced; disappearing; abbreviated; resulting; embedded; maintaining; combined; returning; measured; expressed; containing; conjugated; carrying; referred; causing; restored; leading.

Exercise 8. Choose the nessesary Participles.Translate the sentences.

1. The patient (admitted, admitting) to the hospital was 45-year-old female.

2. The inner organs (included; including) in the thorasic cavity are the heart and lungs.

3. The blood (carried, carrying) to the lungs is called venous blood.

4. The blood vessels (located, locting) on the anterior surface of the arm were dilated.

5. The vessels (carried, carrying) blood to the heart are called veins.

6. The lungs are the inner organs (included, including) in the thoracic cavity.

7. (Carrying, carried) blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.

8. Now the patient is (received, receiving) the treatment at the surgical department.

Exercise 9. Read and translate the text.