Dental formulas

There is a sort of dental shorthand which makes it easy to designate any particular tooth. The mouth is divided by an imaginational line between the lower jaws and another vertically, in the median line. This divides the mouth into quadrants: upper left and right and lower left and right.

Permanent teeth. Permanent teeth are designated by Arabic numerals, which represent their relation to the median line.

RIGHT LEFT

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 UPPER 12 3 4 5 6 7 8

LOWER

1.Central Incisor. 2. Lateral Incisor.

3. Cuspid or Canine. 4. First Premolar or Bicuspid.

5. Second Bicuspid or Premolar. 6. First Molar.

7. Second Molar. 8. Third Molar.

On designation temporary teeth we use either Roman numerals or substitution them letters of the alphabet. The letter "A" would represent the central incisor, "B" - the lateral one, " C" - the cuspid and "D" and "E" - the first and .the second temporary molars.

V IV III II I I II Ifl IV V

V IV III II I I II Ifl IV V

E D C B A A B C D E

E D C B A A B C D E

Notice particularly that the right side of the chart is on your left and vice versa. The reason for this is that it represents the mouth of a patient, as you look at it. If we wish to note any tooth, it is necessary to draw the whole design. Draw a right angle, in the proper direction and write in it the number of the tooth. For example, if you wanted to note the upper left first molar we would write 6; for the lower right cuspid we would write 3.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions to the text:

1. How do we designate any particular tooth?

2. How many quadrants is the mouth divided into?

3. What are permanent teeth designated by?

4. What numerals are temporary teeth designated by?

5. Is it necessary to draw the whole design if you wish to note any tooth?

6. What will you write if you want to note the upper left first molar (the lower right lateral incisor)?

Exercise 5. Give Russian equivalents:

1.Second Molar. 2. First Premolar. 3. Lateral Incisor. 4. Third Molar. 5. Cuspid.

6. Central Incisor. 7. Second Premolar. 8. First Molar.

Exercise 6. Fill the blanks with either ... or, neither ... nor:

1. When one healthy ... the blood analysis ... the urinalysis show abnormal findings.

2. The sick may be given injections ... in the morning in the evening.

3. According to the patient's complaints the physician may listen ... to his heart ... to his lungs.

4. ... the X - ray examination ... the numerous electrocardiograms showed any changes in the size of the heart and its functions.

5. The dentist reveled ... caries of dental enamel ... caries of cementum.

6. We have classes ... at the University ... at a clinic.

7. ... hot water bottle ... remedies will relieve your toothache.

Exercise 7. Translate into English :

1. Вам потрібно правильно позначити постійні зуби.

2. Ми повинні розділити рот умовною лінією на квадранти.

3. Що, на вашою думкою, спричинило біль?

4. Позначте прямий кут.

5. Вам потрібно замінити штучні коронки.

6. Ми можемо спочатку проконсультуватися у хірурга, а потім у стоматолога, чи навпаки.

7. Діти, особливо молодші, схильні до простудних захворювань.

8. ЇЇ хвороба – просто плід уяви.

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :

1. I was not pleased ... him.

2. Look ... this new book.

3. We are proud ... our University.

4. We arrived ... the station late.

5. My brother is interested ... Anatomy.

6. Divide the apple ... three parts.

7. Examination papers are usually written ... ink.

8. After his illness, he returned ... his work.

9. ... the polyclinic you may consult a surgeon.

10. This disease is particularly dangerous ... our health.

HISTORY OF DENTISTRY - ІСТОРІЯ СТОМАТОЛОГІЇ

PART I

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Decay [di'kei], premature ['premətʃə], promote [prə'məut], ancient 'einʃənt], appearance [e'piərəns].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Decay руйнування

Premature tooth loss передчасна втрата зубів

Bow drill лучковий бур

Bead craftsman бусинковий ремісник

Tooth worm зубний черв’як

Promote підтримувати, сприяти

Ancient давній, античний

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Tooth decay, as far back as, tooth related disorders, to cure diseases, reconstruction, an evidence of the belief, ancient chronicles, periodontal diseases, ancients civilization.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of Tenses and make questions to the underlined words:

1. The X-ray examination has already revealed the inflammation in the 3d left lower molar.

2. The duration of the surgery depends on the severity of the disease.

3. About 740 million people in the world have caries.

4. The Etruscans designed false teeth out of ivory and bone that were inserted into the mouth by gold bridge.

5. The first local anesthetic used in dentistry was Cocaine, introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller (1857-1944) in 1884.

6. Alfred Einkorn was researching an easy-to-use and safe local anesthesia to use on soldiers during wartime.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Dental diseases have remained remarkably similar throughout history. Decay, toothaches, periodontal disease and premature tooth loss were documented in ancient chronicles. The exact time that dental art made its appearance isn't known; however, there is a proof of its existence among the civilizations of Egypt, Etruscans of Central Italy, Assyrians, China, etc.

The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan has evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries. Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

Exercise 6. Make up 5 special questions to the text and answer them.

Exercise 7. Approve or contradict the following:

Dental diseases have changed a lot since ancient times.

There is an evidence of dental practice dated back up to 1000 BC.

The earliest form of dentistry included tooth filling, caries curing, treatment of periodontal diseases and so on.

An Egyptian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.

The ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

In the 1300s BC the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

Exercise 8. Insert preposition where necessary:

It was about a "tooth worm" … the cause … dental caries in the text from 5000 BC.

Pictures … a drill are found … many tomb paintings of ancient Egypt.

The Papyrus Ebers, found … Egypt, contained eleven remedies that related directly … problems with the teeth.

Some of the most amazing discoveries turned out to be similar … modern day orthodontics and periodontics. 

The molars were bound together … gold wire. 

Sometimes when skeletons are unearthed that have been in the ground … 2000 years and they have some teeth, the teeth usually look … very good condition.

Exercise 9. Translate sentences into English:

Стародавні рецепти для зубної пасти мали такі інгредієнти, як кістки, пемзу, хоча немає ніяких згадок про зубну щітку.

Греки використовували м'яту, яка є інгредієнтом зубної пасти для нас й сьогодні.

Дослідження мумій показало, що багато єгиптян страждали карієсом і поразками ясен.

Етруски, які приблизно в той же час населяли Центральну Італію, стали першими в зубному протезуванні.

Першим спеціалізованим стоматологічним інструментом були щипці для екстракції зубів.

Exercise 10. Render the text in 5 sentences.

TEST

1. The exact time of dentistry appearance is …

a) about 2000 year b) unknown c)aproximally 700 years d)not defined e) 500 years

2. … recognized pulpitis, invented the dental drill to open into pulp chamber.

a) Hesi-Re b) Giovanni de Arcoli c) Archigenus d) Galen e) Aristotle

3. The first evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC was found in …

a) Egypt b) Pakistan c) China d) Greece e) Roman Empire

4. The first use of dental appliances or bridges comes from … from as early as 700 BC.

a) the Greeks b) the Romans c) the Etruscans d) the Egyptians e)the Japanese

5. … invented the dental pelican which was used up until the late 18th century.

a) Giovanni de Arcoli b) Archigenus c)Guy de Chauliac d)Pierre Fauchard e)Galen

6. The legend of the worm …in the writings of Homer.

a) founds b) is found c) founded d) was founded e) was found

7. The only treatment … dental pain was extraction … the teeth, resulting … partial or complete edentulism.

a) of…by …of b) for…on …for c) in... in…in d)with…from…by e)from…of… from

8. At … barbers became physicians and dentists.

a)ancient times b)medieval times c)nowadays d)prehistoric times e)Roman Empire times

9. Pierre Fauchard … "the father of modern dentistry".

a) was named b) has been named c) is named d) names e) named

10 The Romans borrowed their medicine from … and restorative dentistry from …

a) the Greeks b) the Romans c) the Etruscans d) the Egyptians e)the Japanese

HISTORY OF DENTISTRY – ІСТОРІЯ СТОМАТОЛОГІЇ

PART II

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Forceps ['fɔ:seps], appliance [ə'plaiəns], pulpitis [pəl'paitis], edentulism [i'dentʃϳulizm], pericementitis ['peri'sementaitis], barbers ['bɑ:bə].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Extraction видалення Forceps щипці

Consumption вживання Bridges міст

Gift дар Pulpitis пульпіт

Pulp chamber пульпова камера Pericementitis періодонтіт

Centrals центральні зуби Cuspids ікли (зуби)

Molars корінні зуби Barbers перукар, цирульник

Edentulism беззубість Dental appliances - стоматологічний інструмент

Restorative dentistry терапевтична стоматологія

Resemble pelican beak нагадувати дзьоб пелікана

Exercise 3. Express in one word:

Pulpitis	a dental plate containing one or more artificial teeth that are secured to the surrounding natural teeth
Drill	a tooth having one point
Bridge	any of the teeth at the back of the jaw used for crushing and chewing food
Cuspid	rotating tool that in inserted into drill machine
Molar	inflammation of the pulp

Exercise 4. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form and translate the sentences: