Sets of teeth - набір зубів

Exercise 1. Practice pronunciation and memorize the words:

deciduous (syn. temporary) [di`sidjuəs] молочний (тимчасовий)

permanent [`pə:m(ə)nənt] постійний

dentition [den`ti∫(ə)n] зубний ряд

to drop out (syn. to exfoliate) [drop aut], [eks`fəulieit] випасти

to erupt [i`rΛpt] прорізуватися

gum (syn. Gingiva) [gΛm], [d3i`d3aivƏ] ясна

to loosen [lu:sən] розхитуватися

to overlook [,əuvə`luk] недоглянути

to decay [di`kei] пошкоджуватися

to be replaced [ri`pleist] замінюватися

to result in [ri`zΛlt in] привести до

to support [sə`pot] підтримувати

cuspid (syn. canine) [`kΛspid], [`keinain] ікло

molar [`məulə] корінний зуб, моляр

Exercise 2. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Two sets of teeth, early childhood, adult years, temporary dentition, canine teeth, permanent teeth, under the surface of the gum, act as a keystone, early loss, dental arch.

Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Passive Voice:

1. The teeth, which erupt in early childhood, are called the temporary teeth.

2. The permanent teeth are intended to serve during the adult years.

3. The deciduous teeth are replaced by the permanent ones.

4. The first molar is often overlooked and permitted to decay.

5. It may be permitted to decay and it results in its early loss.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Sets of teeth

During his life each human has two sets of teeth. Those teeth that erupt in early childhood are called the temporary teeth or deciduous teeth. The second or permanent teeth erupt later and are intended to serve during the adult years.

Temporary teeth. There are twenty teeth in the temporary dentition, ten in each jaw.

The first of those teeth usually erupts about six months, and this process continues, one temporary tooth after another pushing its way through the gums until about the second year. Between the ages of six and twelve or thirteen, these teeth loosen and drop out (exfoliate), and are promptly replaced by the permanent ones.

The temporary dentition in each jaw consists of: two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two cuspids or canine teeth, four molar teeth. While the temporary teeth are still in place in the mouth, the permanent teeth are commencing to form inside the jawbone. As they grow, they press against the roots of the temporary teeth, which wear away, until there is not enough root structure remaining to support them and, one by one, they are lost. As each temporary tooth is exfoliated, a permanent tooth, usually just beneath the surface of the gum, is waiting to push through and take its place.

Permanent teeth. The normal permanent dentition of a man consists of 32 teeth. The first of these usually erupts at about the age of 6. This is the first permanent molar or six-year molar. It erupts behind the second temporary molar, and does not replace a temporary tooth. This first permanent molar tooth acts as a keystone, determining the position of all the other permanent teeth, which are to erupt later. Because this important tooth comes through at such an early date and doesn’t replace a temporary tooth, it is often overlooked and permitted to decay. Its early loss may result in irregularities in the dental arch and damage of the teeth.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1. How many sets of teeth does each man have?

2. When do the temporary teeth erupt?

3. When are teeth called temporary?

4. How many teeth are there in dentition? How many are there in each jaw?

5. Until what age does the process of eruption of deciduous teeth continue?

6. What are the deciduous teeth replaced by?

7. What is the function of the permanent teeth?

Exercise 6. Make sentences from the following words and word combinations:

1. to call, which, early, the temporary teeth, to erupt, childhood, those teeth.

2. to erupt, the age, between, six, to loose, these teeth, of, twelve or thirteen.

3. to press, of, the roots, against, the permanent teeth, the temporary teeth.

4. normal, a man, consists of, permanent dentition, 32 teeth.

5. a key-stone, acts, first molar, this, tooth, as, permanent.

Exercise 7. Find synonyms to the following words in the text:

Gingiva, to lead to, milk teeth, dentition, to replace, canine, to drop out, to allow, injury.

Exercise 8. Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1. The deciduous teeth are the first set.

2. Eruption starts at six months.

3. Permanent teeth are the second and final set.

4. All teeth start developing inside the jaw.

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Перші зуби прорізуються в дітей у ранньому дитинстві.

2. Напртязі двох років один за другим молочні зуби пробиваються через ясна.

3. Тимчасових зубів по 10 на кожній щелепі.

4. Постійні зуби, починаючи формуватися у щелеповій кістці, тиснуть на корені тимчасових зубів.

5. 32 зуба – нормальна кількість зубів у людини.

6. Перший постійний моляр прорізується в 6 років.

7. Рання втрата першого моляра може привести до зміни зубної дуги.

Exercise 10. Fill in the missing remarks. Reproduce the dialogues:

a) - What does every tooth consist of? - …

- What are the neck and apex? - …

- What is every tooth composed of? - …

b) - What do you know about enamel? - …

- I’d like to know what cementum is? - …

- What does dentine occupy? - …

- What is pulp? - …

- What can you tell me about the alveolar process? - …

- By what is a tooth attached to its socket in the jaw? - …

c) - How are the low and the upper jaw also called? - …

- What is the hard palate? - …

- And what jaw is immovable? - …

TEST

1. The second or … teeth erupt later and are intended to serve during the adult years.

a) Incisor b) permanent c) temporary d) molar e) canine

2. Between the ages of six and twelve or thirteen, temporary teeth loosen and drop out (exfoliate), and … by the permanent ones.

a) Change b) will replace c) are replaced d) are pressed e) is changed

3. The temporary dentition in each jaw consists … : two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two cuspids or canine teeth, four molar teeth.

1. With b) by c) from d) of e) in

4. There are … teeth in the temporary dentition.

1. 18 b) 32 c) 15 d) 33 e) 20

5. One temporary tooth after another pushes its way … the gum until about the second year.

1. In b) across c) through d) within e) inside

6. The first … tooth usually erupts at about the age of 6.

a) Permanent b) temporary c) cuspid d) molar e) incisor

7. Because the first permanent molar comes through at such an early date and doesn’t replace a temporary tooth, it … often … and permitted to decay.

a) was forgotten b) is lost c) isn’t seen d) overlooks e) is overlooked

8. Those teeth that erupt in early childhood are called the temporary teeth or … teeth.

a) molars b) cuspids c) permanent d) deciduous e) decayed

9. While the temporary teeth are still in place in the mouth, the permanent teeth … to form inside the jawbone.

a) show up b) are commencing c) will commence

d) is commencing e) are showing up

10. The first permanent molar erupts behind the second temporary molar, and … a temporary tooth.

a) isn’t replace b)don’t replace c)is not to replace d)does not replace

e) is replaced

THE NUMBER AND SURFACES OF THE TEETH

КІЛЬКІСТЬ ТА ПОВЕРХНІ ЗУБІВ

Exercise 1. Remember the pronunciation of the words:

absorbing	[әb so:biŋ]	incisor	[in saizә]
canine	[ kænain]	molar	[moulә]
deciduous	[di'sidjuәs]	permanent	[pә:mәnәnt]
Exercise 2.	Translate and learn the	following words:
adjacent	[ә'eisәnt]	to loose	[lu:s]
arrival	[ә' raivl]	lower	[1оuә]
average	[ævәri]	predecessor	[pri:disesә]
backwards	[bækwәdz]	set	[set]
commence	[kә' mens]	to shed	[∫ed]
common	[' kо mәn]	to subject	[' sΛbikt]
complete	[kәm'pli:t]	successor	[sΛk'sesә]
correspon	[koris'pondiŋ]	temporary	[' tempәrәri]
to deprive	[di'praiv]	upper	[Λpә]
to erupt	[i'rΛpt]

Exercise 3. Read and translate:

future, nature, mixture, structure, pleasure, measure.

Remember:За допомогою суфікса -ion утворюються іменники від коренів дієслів:

-tion, -ssion читається [∫n], a -sion після голосної читається [зn].

Склад перед суфіксом -ion наголошений:

to erupt [іrΛpt] — прорізуватися (про зуби);

eruption [irΛp∫n] — прорізування (зубів);

vary [veәri] — міняти(ся), змінювати(ся);

variation [veәri'ei∫n] — зміна.

Exercise 4. Read and translate:

Resorbtion, occlusion, attention, invasion, session, represen­tation.

Exercise 5. Define what part of speech the following words belong to, translate them, remember the words: Call, complete, even, for, air.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the words and word combinations:

tooth — teeth [tu:θ— ti:θ]: the deciduous teeth, milk or tem­porary teeth, permanent teeth, tooth structure, surfaces of the teeth.

incisor [in'saizә]: central incisor, lateral incisor, decid­uous incisor, permanent incisor, incisal edge.

erupt [i'rΛpt]: erupts, erupted, eruption, to erupt before and after birth, eruption commences, eruption is completed, unerupted.

average [ævәri]: average age, on an average, average American.

Exercise 7. Read the text and translate it. Compose the plan and retell the text:

The deciduous teeth are the first set and are also known as milk or temporary teeth. There are twenty of them; ten in each jaw with five on each side.

Deciduous teeth start developing inside the jaw before birth and erupt after birth. Eruption starts at six months and is completed at two years. Individual variation is common but the average ages are as follows:

А. Central incisor, 6months; B. Lateral incisor, 8 months;

C. Canine, 18 months; D. 1st MOLAR, 12 months;

E. 2nd MOLAR, 24 months.

Lower teeth usually erupt before their corresponding upper.

Permanent teeth are the second and final set. There are thirty-two of them; sixteen in each jaw, eight on each side. Like deciduous teeth, the eight on each side of both jaws have the same names.

Permanent teeth start devel­oping at birth. Eruption commences at six years of age and is completed at eighteen to twenty-five years. Eruption times are subject to consider­able individual variation but the average ages are:

1. Central incisor, 7 years.

2. Lateral incisor, 8 years.

3.Canine, 9 years (lower); 11 years (upper).

4. 1st premolar, 10 years (lower); 9 years (upper).

5. 2nd premolar, 11 years (lower); 10 years (upper).

6. 1st molar, 6 years.

7. 2nd molar, 12 years.

8. 3d molar, 18-26 years.

After the deciduous teeth loosen, they are shed and are soon replaced by eruption of their permanent successors. Deciduous incisors and canines are replaced by permanent teeth of the same name. Deciduous molars, however, are replaced by premolars. Thus the permanent molars erupt without having any deciduous predecessors. Deciduous teeth become loose by resorption of their roots which deprives them of their attach­ment to the jaws. The unerupted permanent successors lie adja­cent to the absorbing deciduous roots and are thus able to erupt into their places when the deciduous teeth are finally shed.

Exercise 8. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1.також відомі як. 2. десять у кожній щелепі — по п'ять з кожного боку. 3. мати назву. 4. прорізуються після наро­дження. 5. індивідуальна відмінність. 6. протилежні верхні. 7. як і тимчасові зуби. 8. завершується. 9. незабаром замі­нюються. 10. мати таку ж назву. 11. випадають через розсмок­тування їх коренів. 12. ті, що не прорізалися. 13. здатні до прорізування.

Exercise 9. Quote the sentences in which the following words are used in the text.

to be named, arrival, usually, at birth, to be subject, loosen, premolars, deprive, to be shed.

Exercise 10. Make the sentences negative and then interrogative:

1. The deciduous teeth are the first set.

2. All teeth start developing inside the jaw.

3. Eruption starts at six months.

4. Permanent teeth are the second and final set.

5. After the deciduous teeth loosen, they are shed.

Exercise 11. Answer these questions:

1. How are deciduous teeth also named?

2. How many deciduous teeth do you know and what are they?

3. When do deciduous teeth start developing?

4. What are average ages for tooth eruption?

5. When do lower teeth usually erupt?

6. How many permanent teeth are there?

7. When does eruption of per­manent teeth start? And when is it completed?

8. What are deciduous teeth replaced by?

9. Why do deciduous teeth become loose?

Exercise 12. Insert articles where necessary:

1. ... deciduous teeth are also known as temporary.

2. There are five teeth on ... each side of ... jaw.

3. Their arrival in ... mouth is known as eruption.

4. Eruption starts at six month and is com­pleted at ... two years.

5. Permanent teeth are ... second set.

6. Permanent teeth start developing at ... birth.

7. Eruption is completed at eighteen to twenty-five years of ... age.

8. Deciduous molars are replaced by ... premolars.

Exercise 13. Give a summary of the text «The Number of the Teeth».

TEST

1.What is the first set of teeth?

a. permanent b. lateral c. upper d. lower e. deciduous

2. How many are there temporary teeth?

a. 32 b. 24 c. 20 d. 18 e. 22

3. Where do all teeth start developing?

a. on the lateral surface of jaws b. inside the jaws

c. outside the jaws d. on an external surface of jaws e. inside the gums

4. When do temporary teeth become developing?

a. before the birth b. at six month c. at two years d. at one month e. at birth

5. When do permanent teeth become developing?

a. at six years b. after the birth c. before the birth d. at 2 e. at birth

6. What teeth usually erupt first?

a. upper b. 3rd molar c. 2^nd molar d. lower e. posterior

7. When does eruption of permanent teeth completed?

a. at 10 b. at 6 c. from 6 to 8 d. from 18 to 26 e. at 12

8. How many are there permanent teeth in dentition?

a. 33 b. 20 c. 24 d. 32 e. 28

9. How many are there permanent teeth on each side?

a. 5 b. 16 c. 8 d. 32 e. 24

10. Deciduous teeth start developing … birth.

a. at b. before c. during d. after e. for

11. Deciduous teeth erupt … 6 month.

a. at b. in c. during d. for e. out of

12.Occlusal surface is biting surface of …

a. molars and canines b. molars and incisors c. premolars and cuspids d. premolars and incisors e. molars and premolars

13. Lingual surface is the surface which faces …

a. lips b. palate c. tongue d. cheeks e. face

14. Labial surface faces …

a. lips b. cheeks c. palate d. canines e. incisors

15. The inner surface of upper teeth … as the palatal surface.

a. is known b. are known c. knows d. known e. knew

16. Eruption … at six month.

a. is started b. has started c. start d. started e. starts

17. Deciduous teeth … by permanent ones.

a. is replaced b. replace c. are replaced d. are replacing e. replacing

18. Why … deciduous teeth become loose?

a. does b. do c. are d. is e. ---

DENTAL FORMULAS. TOOTH ROOTS

ЗУБНА ФОРМУЛА. КОРЕНІ ЗУБІВ

Exercise 1. Read the following words:

quadrant чверть круга alphabet алфавіт

vice versa навпаки shorthand стенографія

to make it easy полегшувати designate, v. позначати

particular, окремий, особливий imagine, v. уявляти

represent, v. уявляти, відображати either ...or і … і, або … або

substitute, v. Замінювати chart, n. схема

reason, n. причина, розум angle, n. кут

Exercise 2. Practice the pronunciation:

Quadrant ['kwɔdrǝnt], aplphabet ['ælfǝbit], vice versa [vaisi'vǝ:sǝ], designate ['designeit], chart [tʃa:t].

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.