Human body

The principal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and limbs (extremities).

The head consists of 2 parts: the skull containing the brain and the face in­cluding the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes that grow along the edge of the eyelids. There are the eyebrows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the or­gan of sight.

The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe. The ear includes 3 principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.

The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue which is the organ of taste, teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth.

The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The principal organs in the chest are the lungs, the heart and the esophagus (gullet).

The lower part of the trunk called the abdomen consists of the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the intestines, the kidneys, the gallbladder and the bladder.

The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back.

The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

When we speak of the upper extremity we mean the arm. The upper ex­tremity connected with the chest by the shoulder consists of the arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand.

We have 5 fingers on each hand. A short finger set apart from the other is called the thumb. The lower ex­tremity called the leg consists of the hip(thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. The foot is composed of the toes, the heel, the sole and the arch. The nail is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles.

The body is covered with the skin.

Exercise 6. Translate the following words and word combinations:

орган зору, повіки, сідниці, орган нюху, нижня кінцівка, поверхня тіла, нирки та селезінка, тверде та м`яке піднебіння, захищати органи від пошкодження, мозок, стегно, спина, брови, коліно та щиколотка, зап`ясток, серце та легені, ступні, шлунок та кишечник, шкіра.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the principal parts of the human body?

2. What does the head consist of?

3. What does the face include?

4. Where are the teeth, the tongue, the palates located?

5. What is the head connected with the trunk by?

6. What are the principal organs in the chest?

7. What are the principal organs in the abdomen?

8. What parts does the upper extremity consist of?

9. What parts does the lower extremity consist of?

10. What is the body covered with?

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:

1. ... is the front part of the head.

2. ... is the part of the body we stand on.

3. We have 5 ... on each foot.

4. ... is the part of the face with which we smell.

5. ... is the part of the face we hear with.

6. ... is a line of hairs over each eye.

7. ... is the part of the face under our mouth.

8. ... is the hard part at the end of a finger or toe.

9. ... is the inside of the hand between our fingers and our wrist.

10. ... is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences:

1. The skull contains ...

2. The face consists of ...

3. The ear consists of ...

4. The mouth has 2 lips ...

5. The nose is the organ through which ...

6. The head is connected with the trunk by ...

7. The chest contains ...

8. The abdomen contains ...

9. The back is the surface of the body from ...

10. The part of the body from the shoulder to the wrist is called …

11. A short finger set apart from the other four is called ...

12. The upper extremity consists of ...

13. The lower extremity consists of ...

Exercise 10. Change from Active Voice into Passive:

1. The nurse sponges the patient’s skin.

2. A poisonous remedy causes death.

3. This drug causes skin irritation( подразнення).

4. The doctor administered laxatives(проносне).

5. The X-ray examination revealed lung trouble.

6. The doctor checked up my kidneys.

7. He handed the prescription for cough mixture.

8. The surgeon rinses his hands before the operation.

9. The students will study Pharmacology in two years.

10. Prof. Smirnov will deliver a lecture in Histology tomorrow.

TEST

1. The skeleton protects the organs … injury.

1. For b) from c) to d) by e) into

2. The body is covered .. the skin.

a) by b) over c) with d) of e) from

3. There are the eyebrows … our eyes.

a) under b) in c) about d) above e) below

4. The head … connected with the trunk by the neck.

a) are b) be c) is d) being e) isn`t

5. The … is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

a) waist b) back c) arm d) neck e) wrist

6. The framework of bones is called the …

a) muscles b) organism c) system d) skeleton e) fibers

7. The … is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

a) palm b) nail c) skin d) cell e) bone

8. The eyes serve as the organ of …

a) smell b) hearing c) taste d) vision e) breath

9. The teeth, the hard and soft palates … in the oral cavity.

a) are located b) are held c) is placed d) is situated e) is seen

10. The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the …

a) chest b) abdomen c) waist d) skeleton e) back