I. Знайдіть у тексті та випишіть еквіваленти таких слів та словосполучень:

своєчасна фінансова інформація, успіх чи невдача, конкурентний ринок, фінансові дані, стратегічне планування, провідні працівники, збільшити масштаб, ефективне управління, рух грошових коштів, перевірка та облік квитків.

Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

своевременная финансовая информация, успех или неудача, конкурентный рынок, финансовые данные, стратегическое планирование, ведущие работники, увеличить масштаб, эффективное управление, движение денежной наличности, проверка и учет билетов.

II. Перекладіть письмово абзаци 1, 2.

Переведите письменно абзацы 1, 2.

III. Випишіть з тексту речення з модальними дієсловами. Перекладіть їх. Наведіть власні приклади речень з модальними дієсловами should, ought.

Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами. Переведите их. Приведите собственные примеры предложений с модальными глаголами should, ought.

IV. Поставте 5 запитань до абзаців 3, 4 та запишіть їх.

Поставьте 5 вопросов к абзацам 3,4 и запишите их.

V. Дайте письмові відповіді на запитання.

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What do bookkeepers need to be able to do to be truly effective?

2. What should managers do in all fields of financial activity?

Варіант 2

Airlines Economic Considerations

Historically, air travel has survived largely through state support, whether in the form of equity or subsidies. The airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 120-year history, once the costs include subsidies for aircraft development and airport construction.

One argument is that positive externalities, such as higher growth due to global mobility, outweigh the microeconomic losses and justify continuing government intervention. A historically high level of government intervention in the airline industry can be seen as part of a wider political consensus on strategic forms of transport, such as highways and railways, both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world. Profitability is likely to improve in the future as privatization continues and more competitive low-cost carriers proliferate.

Airline financing is quite complex, since airlines are highly leveraged operations. Not only must they purchase (or lease) new airliner bodies and engines regularly, they must make major long-term fleet decisions with the goal of meeting the demands of their markets while producing a fleet that is relatively economical to operate and maintain.

A second financial issue is that of hedging oil and fuel purchases, which are usually second only to labor in its relative cost to the company. However, with the current high fuel prices it has become the largest cost to an airline. In view of the congestion apparent at many international airports, the ownership of slots at certain airports (the right to take-off or land an aircraft at a particular time of day or night) has become a significant tradable asset for many airlines.