Глава 10. Основы методики проведения эколого-геохимических исследований
В заключительной главе рассматривается методика эколого-геохимических исследований, проводимых на ландшафтно-геохимической основе. Разбираются общие требования к исследованиям, проводимым на суше и в пределах аквальных ландшафтов; требования к проектированию работ, составлению картографированных материалов. Отдельно рассматриваются отбор проб, оформление полевых материалов, подготовка проб к анализу и требования к аналитическим работам.
Summary
Chapter 1. Subject, history and tasks of the ecological geochemistry
General information is given on the new science that was bom on the boundary between general geochemistry, geology, ecology, landscape geochemistry, soil science, biogeochemistry. The history of formation of the science is concisely considered. There is showed a most important contribution to the formation of ecogeochemistry of such prominent scientists as V.I. Vemadskiy, F.V. dark, V.M. Goldschmidt, B.B. Polynov, V.V. Dokuchaev, A.I. Perelman, V.V. Dobrovolskiy and others.
Chapter 2. Main terms and definitions
A number of terms and concepts are concisely dealt with, used in the manual. Knowing of them is necessary for studying of ecological geochemistry. All of them are divided into four main sections: 1. Geological, physical and chemical, and geochemical proper terms and definitions; 2. Ecobiological definitions;
3. Concepts of geochemical landscapes and geochemical barriers; 4. The ones of the noosphere and technogenesis. This make possible for the potential readers of the book to begin an acquaintance of ecogeochemistry without deep studying of geology, biology, ecology, geochemistry, landscape geochemistry.
Chapter 3. The main forms of state of chemical elements in the Earth's crust
A definition of the forms of state of chemical elements is given that is understood as systems of different relatively stable chemical equilibriums of these elements. The most significant in the biosphere 9 forms of state of chemical elements are dealt with: minerals, isomorphic, water solutions, gas mixtures, colloidal and sorption forms, magmatic, biogenic, state of dispersion, technogenic ones. For the first time for the biosphere colloidal and sorption forms and technogenic compounds has been considered. The information on the distribution of forms of state in the biosphere in their connection with main anthropogenic processes and that on the stability in alternating conditions of the biosphere are given.
Chapter 4. Dispersion of chemical elements
The information on the composition of continental and oceanic crust is
given. General trends in chemical elements distribution in the Earth's crust on the whole and in different kinds of its constituent rocks. For the first time there has been considered the influence exerted on organisms in their habitat by both
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absolute values of chemical elements concentrations and dispersion of their dark concentrations in different geochemical systems. Definitions of parameters of absolute and relative dispersions of chemical elements are given. Data are presented concerning the laws of chemical elements distribution in geochemical systems, geochemical anomalies of a different scales and methods for their determining;
absolute and relative dispersion of darks, coefficients of biological uptake, excessive and deficient for organisms elements, natural associations of chemical elements at higher concentrations, located in different geochemical systems.
Chapter 5. Migration of chemical elements
The information on the energy sources by means of which migration of chemical elements takes place in the biosphere is presented. Geochemical cycles, three main types and four kinds of migration of chemical elements within the habitat of living organisms are dealt with. Agents of migration both inner derived from properties of atoms and their compounds and outer brought about by conditions in which migration takes place are widely considered. Special attention is paid to zonal depositions of elements, migrating in solutions, to influence of radioactive decay and different biogeochemical processes on migration. Progressive evolution of migration processes in the Earth's history is considered.
Chapter 6. Geochemical barriers and concentration of chemical elements
There considered a fundamental concept, introduced into natural sciences by academician A. I. Perelmanin 1961 — geochemical barriers. Geochemical barriers are classified. For main classes such as physical and chemical, biogeochemical, mechanical and social barriers are dealt with in the charter. Peculiarities of chemical elements and their compounds' concentration on different kinds of barriers are considered. Geochemical barriers are characterized in a way that enables to make a quantitative assessment of each one. There is demonstrated a possibility of forecasting of concentrations of some chemical elements and compounds on certain geochemical anomalies.
Chapter 7. Geochemical landscapes
For the first time in the manual the classification of geochemical landscapes developed and tested by the author is given. Main geochemical peculiarities of natural and technogenic landscapes are investigated, a special attention being paid to processes of migration and concentration of these. Geochemical peculiarities of terrestrial (agricultural, industrial, urban, lumbering, road) and aqual landscapes, artificial water bodies included, are considered.
Special attention is paid to the landscapes of populated areas, dwelling upon the principles of their classification.
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The laws, describing a behavior of chemical elements within landscapes and development of ecogeochemical changes both within a landscape and within groups of adjoining landscapes are considered.
Chapter 8. Peculiarities of migration and concentration of chemical elements at the first period of the noosphere formation
Migration and concentration of chemical element during the period in question are taking place under influence of natural and anthropogenic agents, with a contribution of the formers gradually increasing. Parameters determining peculiarities of migration of elements are described. In the author's opinion they are as follows:
mass ratio of chemical elements, presenting and migrating in the biosphere in different forms;
migration intensivity;
new geochemical barriers formation;
distance ofmigration-
In the special section of the chapter peculiarities of technogenic geochemical anomalies are dealt with. The law of composition of the associations of chemical elements, forming large technogenic anomalies and consequences, arising out of this law are considered.
Chapter 9. Principles of the integrated ecogeochemical assessment of the environmental status
General and special requirements to assessment of the processes and phenomena taking place in the biosphere are given in the chapter. Peculiarities of qualitative and quantitative ecogeochemical assessment of area's status and its alteration are considered in details. From the ecogeochemical point of view some normalizing indices are characterized. Possibility and necessity of using new ecogeochemical indices are considered. The possibility of making economic assessment of the areas and ecological changes, taking place within these areas are concisely considered.
Chapter 10. Main principles of the technique for ecogeochemical investigations
In the chapter the technique for ecogeochemical investigations, carried out on the landscape geochemical basis is considered. General requirements to investigations, concerning planning field works, cartographical materials, sampling, preparing samples to analysis and others are considered.
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