It follows from what not to proceed with the disclosure of the relevance of the research topic.

One can cite two main areas of its characteristics. The first is related to the lack of study of the chosen topic. In this case, the study is important because certain aspects of the subject have not been studied in full and this study aims to overcome this gap. The second area features relevance due to the possibility of practical solutions specific task based on the data obtained in the study. One of these areas or a combination of both is usually played in the description of this element of the conceptual apparatus of scientific research.

Background. The relevance of this study is determined primarily by the state of modern ergonomics, which has accumulated vast factual material about the man as the master link in the educational system.

This material requires systematization, generalization, understanding, structuring and presenting it as a unified body of knowledge.

Background. The current stage of development of the professional world is characterized by the increased demand for professional mobile professionals capable of successfully realize themselves in the changing socio-economic conditions. However, actual practice shows that many people, even experiencing dissatisfaction with the profession to continue to work in it, as they consider changing the scope of work on own incompetence. In this occupation becomes ineffective, there is dissatisfaction not only a profession, but also life in general.

The relevance of the study. A special role in the training of professionals belongs professional selection of entrants as the initial stage of professional development.

An object of the study. The object of study - a process or phenomenon, generating a problematic situation and chosen for the study. When conducting research, there are several options to define the object and the subject of study. In the first case, the object and subject of research relate to each other as a whole and part, the general and the particular. With this definition of the subject of the connection between them - this is what is within the boundaries of the object. That is the subject of study sets the theme of the study.

Hypothesis and research problems. Hypothesis - this hypothesis is put forward to explain a phenomenon that has not been confirmed nor disproved.

Hypothesis - is the expected solution. Hypothesis determines the main direction of scientific research. It is a major methodological tool that organizes the entire research process.

By scientific hypothesis must meet the following two requirements:

a) the hypothesis must not contain words that are specified:

b) it must be testable with the available techniques.

What does it mean to test the hypothesis? It means to check those results which logically follows from it. The checks confirm or refute the hypothesis.

Objectives of the study - those research activities that must be done to achieve a work goal, solve a problem or to test hypotheses of the study stated.

Methodology of the study. In addition to the techniques in the study must distinguish between the target and the result. As noted, the goal - it is the first that we want to get in a study, the image of the future. The result - this is what we actually got this image. The method also answers the question of how we got it, that is, on any of the subjects, by what methods, in what conditions.

Scientific innovation. As noted, the purpose of the study is to obtain new knowledge to society. It should be noted that when it comes to course or research work, this requirement is retained, but is not as definitive. For these papers novelty of the results can be subjective, determined not to society, and in relation to the researcher. In this case, the work carried out can be a simulation known in science (society) solutions.

The practical significance. Useful to distinguish two main characteristics of the practical relevance of research. The first relates to the data it received, and the second - with the method used.

The practical significance of the results of the study may be the ability to:

- Solutions based on them goy or a practical problem;

- Further research;

- The use of the data in the preparation of various specialists.

Practical significance of the study is the sum of the value of its results and the methods used should be distinguished from the practical relevance of the research topic to be specified before the study and disclosed in the description of relevance.

Making staff research takes time and experience. The conceptual design of scientific work depends on its type (see Table 1). If it is a diagnostic examination, the phone lacks a scientific hypothesis, but also new results.

Таблица 1.

Научное исследование		Диагностическое обследование
Вариант 1	Вариант 2
Актуальность Объект Предмет Проблема Гипотеза Задачи Методика Новизна результатов Практическая значимость	Актуальность Объект Предмет Цель Гипотеза Задачи Методика Новизна результатов Практическая значимость	Актуальность Объект Предмет Цель - Задачи Методика Диагностическое заключение Практическая значимость

If the research is performed, then you have to choose design of conceptual apparatus - a problem or purpose of the study. It should also be borne in mind that the student projects on the genre can represent not only scientific research or diagnostic testing, and scientific-methodological and practical work.

Lecture 6 (1 hour). Topic: Stages of research

The choice of research topic. The choice of research topic - this is an important stage of research. The degree of how good it passes largely depends the possibility of the study. If a topic is selected fails, the long-term operation was doomed to failure.

This is due to the fact that there are issues on which you can get for the foreseeable future, a new cognitive outcome, and there are some where in the near future it is difficult to do. Let's say, for lack of methodological tools to study it. In other words, science is not all that sounds interesting, you can learn efficiently.

Usually, research topics for student projects include the departments as appropriate lists. A student can offer their research topic, and in consultation with the supervisor, it can be approved. Procedure for approval of those projects and dissertations, there is only to warn the researcher to perform futile work. There are tricks to help you choose the theme of the study. Among them are the following:

1. View analytical reviews of science in a domain of knowledge, written by leading experts. Often these surveys are completed the list of unsolved scientific problems and prospects of development of the art.

2. The choice of research topics on the principle of repetition of previous studies, but with the use of new, more advanced methods that are known to yield new results.

3. Theoretical generalization of the material collected in scientific expeditions, new statistical reports.

4. Experimental verification of a hypothesis put forward, but not proven by individual major scholars.

5. Consultation with leading figures of science to identify

neglected problems and issues that are relevant.

The theme of the study should meet the requirements of relevance and novelty. Background study verified in the study of the legislative authority, scientific coordinating councils, articles of stage and problematic nature.

The novelty of the proposed study is checked during a comprehensive literature search.

Lecture 7 (1 hour). Subject: Theoretical and methodological approaches in educational research

Theoretical and methodological approaches - the most important attribute of any investigation, since they define a complex country ¬ strategically lines of research that provides solutions to a number of problems, including: a) streamlining terminology ¬ topological space science, and b) the definition of the new features ¬ Stay and properties of the object c) the identification of patterns and principles of its development, and d) the designation of intractable ¬ NIJ study and poorly studied sides of the problem, and e) op ¬ definiteness prospects studied direction and in this regard science as a whole.

The significance of methodological approaches in the fact that, first, they are designed to study qualitatively different objects in a general aspect to them (structural, functional, information, etc.), and, secondly, they are inherent characteristics of concrete scientific and philosopher ¬ Skog knowledge, so they are the link specially-scientific areas with philosophy.

Methodological approaches, we see the role of a generalized representation of a collection of scientific statements on the studied pro ¬ lems, in the characterization of the different areas of its research and the organization of theoretical and practical activities of the investigator (the identification needed to study aspects of the joins between them, determine the direction of scientific research and the degree change the objects of study, etc.).

In naukovedcheskoy literature approach is understood as a set of paradigmatic (ontological ¬ Skye picture, diagram, description of objects), syntagmatic (ACT ¬ events and methods of proof description languages, explanation and understanding ¬) and pragmatic (goals and values, regulations, once solved ¬ and prohibited the use of the system and form a pair of ¬ paradigm) of the structures and mechanisms in knowledge, practice, characterized ¬ forming competing (or historically are transient ¬ ing each other) policies and programs in science, politics, or the organization of human life. As noted by EP Semeniuk, approach - "it is logical and epistemological and methodological education, expressing only very strict direction of scientific research, restricting it, as a rule, one aspect (or if multiple inter ¬ related areas), but, in contrast to the methods, principles ¬ tial devoid of any restrictions and it was even accurate fixing of the means by which research is conducted. " The most important feature of the approach, in his view, is mak ¬ maximal limited number of lines of inquiry, with the most typical case of one direction, though sufficiently accurate ¬ wide.

It should be noted that the methodological approach generally does not give a specific device research, and in itself does not provide a solution to a theoretical problem. In this capacity, you ¬ steps method to consistently and thoroughly examine selected the facility. That method is a particular form of implementation approach.

Semantic kernel, the core of each approach appears relevant category, which gives a name to each under ¬ course, fixing some important aspects of reality, and which is the study of phenomena - the systematic, structural ¬ sion, functionality, information, etc. Therefore, any approach to scientific knowledge in general reduces to the study ¬ cheniyu object in a certain angle with the projection of the results for a particular field of theory. This view, in turn, reflected in the findings of the special scientific terms that reflect this view. That is the approach indicates which aspect is taken into account in this case. Because each approach is productive only in the knowledge of selected aspects of the study, then taken by itself, in isolation from the others, it usually is not enough to study a specific phenomenon. Objective picture can only give a comprehensive study ¬ adherence using combination approaches.

Note that the choice of various approaches is determined by the investigator according to scientific preferences and specificity of the phenomenon under study. At the same time, the rationale for this choice should be compelling and quite detailed but ¬ presented.

The most productive and therefore popular now was the idea of ​​a complementary, integrated design approaches in the study of various educational events offered by NM Yakovleva. Its essence is that the pedagogical phenomenon due to its complexity can not and should not be studied from the same point of view as well, the value ¬ cheat must use complex methodological approach ¬ Dov providing production of diverse characteristics used on followed ¬ phenomena. Note that the validity of such a position is determined by the organic binder and general scientific approaches to each other, which follows, as the EP Semeniuk, from the inside, immanent relationship categories, underlying each of them, and is the semantic core, framework of each approach. Indeed, first, they represent ¬ lyayut a brand new, single type of scientific knowledge, and secondly, related common origin (those factors ¬ tors, which is determined by their formation), and third, in terms of content is so intertwined that each of them is simply not possible without the others.

According to the studies that we, the complementary integrated development of methodological approaches includes:

1) establishment of a dialectical relationship between them, by specifying the circumstances characterizing their common methodological ¬ ical nature;

2) the use of the interconnected nature of the detection ¬ magnetic properties of the phenomenon through the synthesis of theoretical ¬ energy position, comprehensively reflect its intrinsic properties according to specific approaches;

3) justification of their complementarity by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each approach for solutions supplied ¬ Universe problem with position:

- Efficiency of this approach for the justification ¬ of the need for its use, which implies ¬ established to liaise with the features of the phenomenon;

- Failure to use this isolated approach ¬ yes to confirm the need to bring others under ¬ moves, which involves determining the properties of a nature which can not be investigated by means of this approach;

4) establishing a functional purpose of each, and the disclosure of the results of their use in accordance with the hierarchical importance for the study of the test in the concept of the phenomenon.

Typically, the role of general scientific principles and theoretical and methodological approaches of the research strategy chosen a high level methodology, used in many disciplines ¬ tries. In this general scientific basis characterized provisions defining statement of the problem, general and local goals, identification of contradictions and positions that reflect the lo ¬ boom of scientific research, and theoretical and methodological strategy for you, is the direction of theoretical research, fixes its general plan. In this status, no doubt, the system can act, activity, information, synergies and some ¬ Some other approaches. As a practice-oriented research as ¬ tics often choose approaches that make use approaches that are specifically designed to address the pro ¬ problems in education, such as competence, differentiated, axiological, participatory, student-centered, etc. Their purpose is to uncover features of the practical use of the phenomenon under study, defining the mechanisms and procedures to achieve the scientific objectives.

Essential in the development of an integrated complementary approaches is the question of the outcome of their application to the research subject. Despite the variety of aspects of the pedagogical process, which can be tested, the result ¬ approaches you, in a substantive sense, remain constant ¬ yannymi. Procedure for the use of any of the methodological approach to the study of pedagogical phenomenon can be reduced to two basic steps. Since the approach is to study a particular aspect ¬ tion, the first step is always associated with the identification of the phenomenon as a phenomenon, with the appropriate approach properties. For example, the use ¬ tion systems approach requires confirmation that the object of study can be considered educational system, the activity - educational activities, etc. The second step is related ¬ nected with representation of the results of its application to the study of ¬ pedagogical phenomenon, ie char ¬ Stick revealed features of the phenomenon in the relevant aspect of the approach.

Lecture 8 (1 hour). Topic: Work with scientific and educational literature

Bibliography accompanying the research, commendable if it facilitated broad in time and geographical range, do not miss the essential work (ie has sufficient detail), includes works in various languages ​​and properly framed. The mention of work in different languages ​​and familiarity with them is essential. Review and the study should be closely linked.

New, as you know, is often a well-forgotten old.

Unacceptable rewriting of the text from the original source arrays, especially inadmissible without rewriting the source.

In the selection of literature should refer to product lines, catalogs and bibliographies of libraries, as well as the use of modern information technology and network to find information. The study of literature on a selected topic must begin with the general works to get an idea about the main issues that adjoin the chosen theme, and then to search for new material.

Great difficulty in the way of learning the scientific information it is scattered. Title of the article or the name is not always possible to imagine all that can be found there. The sparseness of information to consider all possible causes landmarks and especially attentive to the links that are found in reading literature on the subject.

In the study of literature, it is desirable to observe the following guidelines:

- Start at the literature reveals the theoretical aspects of the subject under study - books and journal articles, then use the instructional materials (instructional materials are only the latest editions);

- A detailed study of the literature is in their note-taking and organization, character synopses defined by the possibility of using this material in the research - extracts, quotations, brief summary of the literary source, or characteristic of the actual material, the systematization of information should be received by main research;

- Studying the literature, carefully follow the registration statements, so that later it was easy to use it;

- Do not worry if some of the data would be useless, they are very rarely used in full;

- Try to focus on the most recent data on the relevant issue, based on the most authoritative sources, specify exactly where to take materials, the selection of facts from the literature to approach them critically.

Monographs

Not all books required reading in full, and much to read, as they say, on the diagonal. Very useful to get acquainted with the methods of quick reading. In the usual cursory view, too, there are some opportunities to optimize the process. Special attention is paid to the preface, introduction, table of contents and conclusion. Focusing on them and an index, everyone can find something that is particularly important for its theme.

Proceedings

Each year, the collection is dedicated to some leading toward or industry.

In the collection are placed carefully selected articles and the brightest of many famous authors. Each collection begins with an introduction by a leading specialist in the field.

These introductory articles provide an overview of the state of the art and the scope of production, allow issues to navigate in the collection and choose a careful reading of articles that are required for that and l and a topic.

Very useful to quickly find the required material is an index. Unfortunately, the subject indexes are not in all editions.

Reflection of the degree of scrutiny of the issue

 History test questions should be brought to the modern period, while showing that subsequent authors have added to done before, and trying to set the priority and the emergence of an idea.

History of the issue should be given as a gradual and consistent disclosure of the theme, and not as an enumeration of opinions, although the latter is much easier. It should also emphasize the divergence of views predecessors as evidence relevant topics and expect that it will put an end to your research discrepancies. It is important to understand what is unclear, generating controversy. Generally, the more we study, the more likely it is usually the controversy. Their absence is probably a sign of dogmatism. Background should be as focused as the bibliography. After presentation of the history issue should bring the concept closest to the concept of the author, and explain to what extent the author of her associates, and why, and what he sees the need to clarify.

Information analysis and classification. All received information has application properties, ie qualities that define the ability and efficiency of use in educational, scientific, cognitive activity. The main indicators of quality include: representativeness, adequacy, accessibility, relevance, timeliness, accuracy, reliability, stability. It is also very important characteristic of information is its relevance.

The adequacy of information - is a certain level of compliance created by the information of the image to the real object, process, phenomenon, etc. In real life is hardly possible that you can count on the full value of information. There is always some degree of uncertainty. The degree of adequacy of the information or the actual state of the object depends on the correctness of the process human decisions.

Representative information relating to the correctness of its selection in order to adequately reflect the properties of the object. Critical here are: the correct concept, formulated on the basis of which the original concept, the validity of the selection of essential features and links, the phenomenon. Breach of representation of information often leads to significant errors in it.

Adequacy (completeness) of information on the subject, the process, the phenomenon depends on the quantity, details, comprehensiveness. The notion of completeness of the information about an item in the same subjective and relative, as the concept of truth. Information even on simple objects can not be exhausted completely. You can always add something and clarified. As incomplete, ie insufficient to make the right decisions, and redundant information reduces the effectiveness of customer solutions.

User perception of the availability of information is ensured by the procedures of receiving and converting. In the information system the information is converted to an accessible and readable by the user form.

The relevance of information is determined by the degree of preservation of the value of information at the point of use, depending on the dynamics of change in its characteristics and the amount of time that has elapsed since the beginning of this information.

Timeliness of information means that it does not flow to the schedule later point in time, consistent with the time of the task.

Stability information reflects its ability to respond to changes in the original data without compromising the necessary precision.

Accuracy of information is determined by the degree of closeness of the received information to the real state of the object, process, events, etc.

You have to properly learn how to work with the literature, text, electronic resources

Scheme of study of scientific literature:

- General description of the publication;

- General introduction to the product as a whole on its contents;

- A revision of the content;

- Reading in the sequence arrangement of the material;

- Selective reading of any part of the work;

- A statement of interest materials. Each text contains not only new information, but some unnecessary (redundant) information. In order to identify the main text in it to cut down suggestions and proposals of carrying background information. You can also change the structure of the sentence, to combine two or more sentences into one.

The main operations in the structuring of information is its synthesis and analysis.