30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?

Reasons of hyposalivation are :

1. central braking of secretion of salivary glands (fear, pain);

2. influence of m-holinolytics - drugs, that block m-holinoreceptors of peripherial tissues;

3. injury of secretory cells of salivary glands (inflammation, tumors);

4. disorders of secretion (purchase of ducts of salivary glands by concrements);

5. dehydration of the organism.

Consequences of hyposalivation are:

1. Disorders of chewing, formation of food lump, gulping, that causes disorders of next stages of digestion;

2. traumatization of mucous layer of mouth with next development of its inflammation (stomatitis);

3. active development of microorganisms caused by decreasing of bactericide of influence of saliva (few lisocime) and formation of rub, from desquamated epithelium on surface of tongue (good nutrient for microorganisms);

4. disorders of trophicinfluence of salive, that further development of caries.

30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.

Dysphagy is disorder of complex reflective act of gulping that takes place in 3 phases: oral (arbitary), pharyngeal (fast involuntary), esophageal (slow involuntary)

Reasons of dysphagy can be:

1. injury of receptors of mucous membrane of oral cavity (stomatitis) and pharynx (angine)

2. injure of neural centers in cortex of brain (disorder of deliberate phase of gulping) and center of gulping in the region of IV ventricle

3. injure of sensitive afferent and motorical efferent nerves that take part in gulp reflexes

4. injury of muscles of tongue, pharynx and esophagus. Disorders of muscles of esophagus can be manifestated as spastical conditions (idiopathical difuse spasm, achalasy of cardia: hypotonical, atonical) that are characterized as disorders of esophageal peristaltics.

5. malform and acquired defects of palate

6. mechanical obstacles (tumors, obstacles, obstruction of esophagus)

In case of dysphagy it is hard to eat, it causes starvation and exhausion, saliva and parts of food can go to respiratory ways and cause aspiration pneumonia and gangrene of lungs

30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?

Gastric dyskinesia is disorders of motoric function of stomach. They distinguish 2 variants of dyskinesia: hypertonic and hypotonic.

Hypertonic variant is characterized by increasing of tonus of non-striated muscles of stomach(hypertony) and increasing of its peristaltics (hyperkynesy).

Hypotonic variant is characterized by hypotony and hypokynesy.

30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.

Reasons of disorders of stomach of hyperkynetic type can be:

1. some food factors (rough food, alcohole);

2. increasing of stomach secretion;

3. increasing of tonus of nervus vagus;

4. some intestinal hormones for example motiline.

Hypertonic and hyperkinesia cause:

1. long delay of contents in stomach, that further increasing of gasric secretion and development of ulcers on mucous layer;

2. development of antiperistaltics of stomach that causes such symptoms as dyspepsy, belch, nausea, vomiting.