- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
The main link of caries pathogenesis is formation of tooth plaque - accumulation of microorganisms and products of their metabolism on surface of teeth.
Microorganisms produce many cariesogenic factors. They cause subsequent changes:
1) organic acids (lactate, ) cause salvation of oxyappatitis of enamel and dentine, that cause its demineralization (decalcification);
2) chelators (proteins, peptides, aminoacids) form complexes with calcium, extract it from oxyappatitisand cause demineralization of solid tissues of tooth. Also they oppress recalcification of enamel and dentine.
3) proteolytical enzymes make influence on protein components of tooth and destruct collagen fibres of matrix of enamel and dentine.
Other ethiologic factors can influence on its pathogenesis on different stages. Decreasing of defensive qualities of saliva further development of microflora and formation of tooth plaque; of food adsorping on surface are source of big quantity of organic cariesogenic acids genetic factors (defect of matrix of tooth) further remineralization of enamel and dentine. General disorders of phosphor-calcium metabolism can cause demineralization of solid tissues of teeth.
30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
periodontitis is dystrophycally-inflammative injure of periodont (neartooth tissues), which is characterized by all its elements, destruction of tooth guingive, connection and progressive destruction of alvelolar shoots, that can cause coming out of teeth.
There are many factors which belong to ethiology of periodontitis:
Microflora of oral cavity, that cause production of enzymes and biologically active substances of tooth, rub, and formation of tooth lithium, that cause disorder of blood circulation of tissues of periodont.
Alimentary disorders- non-full eating, deficit of vitamins mostly C,D, and E.
Neurogen factors- emotional stress, disorders of neural trophics.
Endocrine disorders- hypogonadism, hypothyreosis, hypoinsulinism, hyperparathyreosis.
Anomalies of bite, decreasing and overincreasing of loading into chewing apparatus.
30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
Hypersalivation is increasing of formation and secretion of saliva, it can be caused by such reasons:
a) stimulation of receptors of oral cavity, esophagus and stomach (reflective mechanism). Hypersalivation accompanies inflammative processes in oral cavity (guingivitis, stomatitis, pulpitis, periodontitis),is reaction on influence of ;
b) stimulation of center of salivary secretion, which is situated in diencephalon (bulbar paralysis);
stimulation of vegetative nerves that innervate salivary glands. In case of stimulation of parasympatic nerves it is secreted a lot of fluid saliva, in case of activation of sympatic- few thick saliva.
influence of m-holinomimetics – medicines that activat m-holinoreceptors.
influence of hormones. This mechanism causes paradoxical or paralytic hypersalivation. It begins in one day after full denervation of salivary glands ,achieves maximum in 6-7 days, from 15 days it decreases and in 35-40 day it disappears. Increasing of sensibility of salivary glands to humoral factors of has main place in pathogenesis of paradoxical hypersalivation.
In case of hypersalivation from 5 to 20 l of saliva is excreted. It causes
dehydration of the organism - hyperosmolar hypohydria develops because saliva hypoosmolar than blood;
Neutralization of stomach juice is caused by low alkali reaction of saliva. Such factor causes disorders of digestion in stomach