30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?

Pain always accompanies development of illnesses of digestive canal. It can has different character depending on reasons and pathogenesis.

They distinguish such mechanisms of pain in case of injure of digestive organs:

a) spastical mechanism. Pain is caused by spasm of muscles of different parts of digestive canal. They think that in this case pression of vessels that lay in deep in walls of organs that cause ischemy is reason of pain. Ischemy causes appearance of products that influence on neural extremities. In case of fast development of spasm, the colic type of pain develops.

b) hypotonical mechanism. In case of decreasing of tonus of muscles (hypotony) pain arises as a result of strain of wall of hollow organs (stomach, intestines, bladder) by its contents. Mechanical strain of tissues causes irritation of neural extremities, which lay in it.

c)influence of biologically active substances (histamine, serotonine, kinines, prostaglandines and others) into neural extremities. These substances form and secrete in case of injure of cells and inflammation (gastritis, duodenitis, enteritis, colitis, cholecystitis) Mostly they form in case of pancreatitis (see questions 30.49, 30.50)

30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?

1. Disorders of motorical function of digestive canal: 1) disorders of chewing; 2) disorders of gulping - dysphagy; 3) gastric dyskinesia; 4) intestinal dyskinesia; 5) dyskinesia of gall bladder and billiary ducts; 6) disorders of defecation.

2. Disorders of absorption

3. Hypersecretive conditions: 1) hypersalivation; 2) gastric hypersecretion; 3) pancreatic hypersecretion; 4) hypercholy.

30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?

Reasons of chewing disorders:

1. injury of teeth and its absence (caries, periodontitis);

2. injury of chewing muscles (miositis);

3. disorders of chewing muscles innervation (bulbar paralysis);

4. injures of temporomandibular articles;

5. traumatical injures of boner (higher or lower jaw);

6. injures of mucous membrane of mouth and gum (stomatitis, guingivitis);

7. injures of muscles and mucous membrane of tongue;

8. hyposalivation.

Disorders of chewing have such consequences

a) decreasing of reflective secretion of stomach and pancreatic juices;

b) delay of digestion in stomach;

c) traumatization of mucous membrane of oral cavity, gullet, stomach.;

d) refuse of some products, that organism need, but we must chew these products.

30.22. What is caries of teeth?

Caries of teeth is pathological process, which is manifestated as demineralization and progressive destruction of dense tissues of teeth with formation of cavities.

Spreading of it in human population is 80 - 90%, and in some regions of the planet is 100 %.

Ethiology of caries now is not determined, but some factors in its development are proved.

They are:

1. microorganisms. Big importance have some types of streptococcus and lactobacterias. It is proved in experiment, that caries does not arise at animals - gnotobionts (non-microbe animals);

2. surplus consume of food, that is easy used by bacteria in oral cavity;

3. insufficient maintance of some substances in food such as group B vitamines, calcium, phosphor, microelements (flour, strontium, molybdenum);

4. Genetic factors, that influence of base of teeth conception. There pure lines of rats that stable to development of caries;

5. decreasing of defensive and trophic function of saliva;

6. general disorders of phosphor-calcium metabolism (hypocalciemical and hypophosphatemical conditions, see chapter 24).