- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
Altered bowel sound are surplus accumulation of gases in digestive canal caused by its increased formation or decreased excretion from intestines. Sources of gases at intestines phaged air, products of neutralization of stomach juice by hydrocarbonates (formation of carbon dioxide), activities of microflora.
Increased formation of gases cause such types of alter bowel sounds
mechanical- develops as a result of impassage of intestines (spasmus, tumors)
dynamical- arise in case of disorders of motorical function of intestines
circular- is caused by local and general disorders of circulation of blood.
30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
Diarrhea is too frequent emptying of intestines with excretion of fluid and in some cases plentiful fecal masses.
Diarrhea arises in case of disorder of normal correlation between secretion and absorption of fluid in intestines, in case of disorders of motorical function of intestines.
They distinguish such pathogenic variants of diarrhea:
osmotic diarrhea. Develops incase of increasing of osmotic pressure of intestinal contents in case of using substances which bad absorption (for example purge syndromes of maldigestion and malabsorption);
secretory diarrhea. Caused by activation of ions and electrolytes (Na+, Cl+) secretion. It causes abundant secretion of water into intestinal space (for example in case of cholera);
diarrhea which is caused by decreasing of active transport of ions through cellular membrane in intestines (for example malformed chlordiarrhea- genetic malformation);
diarrhea caused by increasing of penetratability of intestinal wall;
disorders of intestinal motorics. It ca be caused either increasing or decreasing of intestinal motorics.
30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
Main reasons of dehydration of the organism in case of disorders of digestion are:
hypersalivation;
indomitable vomiting;
diarrhea.
In case of hypersalivation hyperosmolar dehydration develops (saliva is hypoosmolar than blood) and in case of indomitable vomiting and diarrhea - hyperosmolar (electrolytes are lost more than water, see part 23)
Lost of fluid through digestive canal can be caused by specific influence of some pathogenic factors. It is known that in case of cholera dehydration is a result of influence of exotoxin to adenylatecyclase of electrolytes. Activity of enzyme increases and secretion of interstitial fluid increases. Big quantity of interstitial fluid influences on receptors of small intestines and causes diarrhea.
30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
In case disorders of digestion can develop:
non-gas alkalosis. Caused by indomitable vomiting.
non-gas acidosis. Develops as a result of lost of big quantity of hydrocarbonate wit pancreatic fluid and bile in case of diarrhea.
30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
Disbacteriosis and formation of big quantity of products of fermentation and roting often cause intestinal autointoxicaton.
Disbacteriosis is miscorrelation between types of microflora. Quantity of bacteria that caus eprocesses of fermentation and roting increases. As a result formation of toxic products – serohydrogen, skatol, indol, phenol, putrescine, kadaverine increases. If formation of these products more than liver can detoxicate , symptoms of hepatic deficiency develop.
Decreasing of intestinal peristaltic increase chances for development of intestinal intoxication.