- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
1. Reproduction of experimental neurosis-method of “knocking out” according to I. Pavlov. They cause extralimitary braking in cortex of brain with clash of processes of stimulation and conditional braking. It causes unbraking of infracortical cells, which is shown with activities of vagotonic centers of parasympatic system.
2. Excitement of infracortical structures of central nervous system. They use inulcation of electrodes with following electric stimulation, or destruction of structures (for example nucleus of nervus vagus).
3.Influence of neural conductors; cutting of nervus vagus and its branches or its electric stimulation.
4.Influence on transference of excistement a parasympatic ganglions (for example ganglioblockators)
5.Influence on mediatory mechanisms of transference of excitement intoeffectory cells (for example using of m-holinomimetics, or m-holinolytics)
30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
Gastrointestinal hormones are main ones in humoral regulation of digestion. They are gastrine, secretine, cholecystokynine-pancreosemine, motiline, gastroinhibiting polypeptide and others.
For replaying of different types of digestion disorders they use such approaches:
injection into the body of abundance of gastrointestinal hormones or its analogists;
influences that cause production of own gastrointestinal hormones (for example using of substances, which stimulates the secretion of digestive juices)
oppression of production and secretion of gastrointestinal hormones;
pharmacological blockade of receptors that are sensible to gastrointestinal hormones at effector’s cell surface.
30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
Starvation (see part 18)
Dyspeptical syndrome
Dehydration (see part 23)
Disorders of pH condition
Intestinal autointoxication
Pain syndrome
30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
Dyspeptical syndrome includes different combinations of such symptoms: a) anorexia; b) heartburn; c) belch; d) nausea; e) vomiting; f) meteorysm; g) diarrhea, h) constipation.
30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
Anorexia is full absence of appetite with objectively need of food.
They divide anorexia into such types
toxic - develops in case of acute and chronic poisoning (for example hydrargyrum salts, medicines, bacterial toxins;
dyspeptical - appears in case of diseases of digestive system, often has conditional reflex nature;
neurotical- caused by excessive excitement of cerebral cortex and great emotions (especially negative)
neurodynamical - develops because of braking of center of appetites in case of of some structures of limbic system (for example pain syndrome in case of heart attack, colic, peritonitis);
psychogenic- is a result of deliberate limitation of food (for example for growing thin or as a result of disorders of psychics);
neuroendocrine pathology - caused by organic injures of central nervous system (hypothalamus) and endocrine diseases (hypophysis kachexy, Adisons’s disease);
Development of anorexia can be caused by two mechanisms:
Decreasing of excitability of digestive centre (dyspeptical, intoxication, neuroendocrine anorexia)
Braking of neurons of digestive centre (neurodynamic, neurotic, psychogen anorexia)