- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
Reasons of disorders of emptying of intestines can be:
absence of influence of cortex of cerebrum into centre of defecation in spinal cord (fear, fright);
injury of centre of defecation in lumbosacral part of spinal cord;
injury of peripheral nerves: nn. pelvici, hypogastrici;
disorder f function of muscles that take part in defecation.
Disorders of emptying of intestines can be manifestated with
involuntary defecation;
absence of feelings to defecation or two often feelings;
incontinence of cal masses.
30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
Malabsorption syndrome is complex of symptoms, which arise because of disorders of absorption in intestines. Disorders of absorption can be caused by disorders in 3 levels. That’s why they distinguish:
preenterocytal disorders. It develop as a result of disorders of digestion processes, that take place before absorption
enterocytal. Arise as a result of disorders of activities of epithelial cell of mucus of intestines (enterocytes)
postenterocytal. They are result of disorder of processes that provide entering of absorbed substances into internal ambience of the body (blood, lymph).
30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
Disorders of motorical function of digestive canal;
Disorders of cavital digestion (syndrome of maldigestion). After the nature they can be gastrogenic and pancreatogenic, hepatogenic, enterogenic, dysregulatory, iatrogenic (caused by long using of antibiotics and other medicines);
Disorders of near-wall digestion. More often they are caused by disorders of formation and building in of enzymes into plasmatic membrane of enterocytes.
30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
Intestinal enzymopathy is malformed disorders of synthesis of digestive enzymes of microfibres, that provide processes of near-wall (membrane) digestion.
One of the most spreaded intestinal enzymopathies is the intolerance to disaccharides (lactose, sacharose, tregalose) and deficiency of peptidase (gluteinic disease).
Intolerance to disaccharides is caused by deficiency of disachridases. At some regions of Africa, Asia and South America 90% of population can’t drink milk. Lactase is absent at these people, that digests lactose. Lactose deposits atreceptors of mucus and stimulates it, and cause profuse diarrhea.
Gluteinic disease is caused by deficiency of peptidases and is characterized by intolerance to products from cereals. It is spread at Europe, (Holland). Glutein is protein part of some seeds (wheat, rice, barley, oats) – it consists from non-dangerous glutein and gliadin, which has toxic influence on mucus of small intestines (causes enteritis, diarrhea) in case of deficiency of peptidases gliadin isn’t digested and causes toxic influence.