- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
Intestinal impassability (ileus) is disease, which is characterized by disorder of passing of intestinal contents, because of squeezing or its disorders.
Intestinal impassability is classified.
I. Mechanical:
a) obturational. Develops as a result of disorder of obturation of space of intestines by tumor, cal stones, ball of gelmintes.
b) strangulational. Is a result of squeezing of intestines from outside (strangulation, infringement in hernial gates, knot-forming). Peculiarity of this type of impassability is squeezing of vessels of mesocolon, it cause disorders of nutrition of wall right up to necrosis.
II. Dynamical:
spastical. It is caused by spastical contraction of smooth muscles of intestines
paralitycal. It develops because of strong oppression of motorical function of intestines.
30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
Pain syndrome Develops as result of spasm of smooth muscles, necrosis of intestinal wall, its strain. As a result of intensive long pain, symptoms of pain shock can arise (decreasing of arterial pressure, disorders of external respiration) caused by overbraking of vasculomotorical and respiratory centers after its overstimulation.
Dehydration. In conditions of intestinal impassability deposition of big quantity of fluid takes place, before place of obturation, reasons of it:
increasing of secretion of digestive glands as a result of strain of intestinal wall by fluid and gases
passage of fluid from blood vessels into intestines (transudation) as a result of stagnation of blood and increasing of permeability of wall of blood vessel
disorder of processes of absorption of water.
Deposition of water in intestines causes increasing of intraintestinal pressure, that causes stimulation of many receptors and vomiting. The higher obstacle, the more intensive is vomiting and more intensively dehydration is manifestated.
Disorder of circulation of digestive enzymes. Increasing of intraintestinal pressure causes throwing of intestinal contents (digestive juice, enterokynase) into pancreatic ducts). Premature activation of enzymes of pancreas takes place, with manifestations of acute pancreatitis and pancreatic shock (see quest. 30.43, 30.54)
Disorders of pH condition. If in case of indomitable vomiting mainly chlorides are lost - non-gas alkalosis develops, if hydrocarbonates are lost - non-gas-acidosis (see part 25)
Intestinal autointoxication. More expressed in case of low intestinal impassability. It is manifestated with symptoms of hepatic deficiency (see part 31)
Acute peritonitis (inflammation of peritoneum). It is caused by microbes, that penetrate through necrotized wall of intestines into abdominal cavity. Peritonitis is factor, that causes and increases pain and pain shock, and it causes vomiting, further dehydration, disorders of pH condition and disorders of general hemodynamics.
Disorders of general blood circulation and microcirculation. Disorders of system hemodynamics (decreasing of arterial pressure, decreasing of minute volume of heart, general peripheral resistance are symptoms of pan and pancreatic shock and dehydration. Thickening of blood (hemoconcentration) cause disorders of microcirculation.
Hypoxia. It is caused by disorders of blood circulation and external respiration.
Disorders of function of important for life organs (kidneys, heart, brain). Are caused by hypoxia and intoxication.