- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
Reasons of oppression of formation and secretion of pancreatic juice (pancreatic hyposecretion) can be:
neurogen braking of exstrasecretory function of pancreas (decreasing of tonus of nervus vagus, poisoning of atropine)
disorder of secretion of pancreatic juice (emboli of ducts, its squeezing)
duodenitis - inflammation of mucous membrane of duodenum, that causes decreasing of formation of stimulators of pancreatic secretion - secretine, cholecystokinine-pancreosemine
decreasing of quantity of secretory cells
malformed deficiency of enterokinase, that causes disorder of primary activation of proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice (tripsine, chimotripsine)
Main consequence of pancreatic hyposecretion is disorder of cavity digestion in intestines- development of maldigestion syndrome.
30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
Syndrome of maldigestion is disorder of cavity digestion caused by decreased entering into intestines of digestive enzymes, for example in case of pancreatic hyposecretion.
This syndrome is manifestated with:
disorder of fat digestion (absence of lipase, phospholipase) 60-80% of fat is not absorbed, which is excreted with cal, symptom of steatorhea arises;
disorder of absorption of fat soluble vitamins- symptoms of hypovitaminosis A,E,K develop;
disorders of proteins digestion (absence of digestive proteases) 30 - 40% of food proteins are not absorbed. There are many muscle fibres in faeces;
disorder of digestion of carbohydrates (absence of amylase);
disorder of digestion of nucleic acids (absence of nuclease).
30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
Intestinal dyskinesia is disorder of motorical function of intestines.
They distinguish two variants of intestinal dyskinesia: hyperkynetic and hypokynetic
The first is characterized by increasing of intestinal peristaltic, segmenting and pendulum-like movements that is manifestated with diarrhea.
The second is characterized by decreasing of intestinal motorics, that causes constipation.
30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
Intestinal diskynesies of hypokynetical type are manifestated as decreasing of intestinal peristaltics, that causes arising of constipations. By the mechanisms of development it can be: spastical and atonal.
Spastical constipations arise as a result of long tonal contraction of smooth muscles of intestines (spasm) and can be caused by viscero-visceral reflexes or influence of toxic factors (for example, poisoning of plumb).
Reasons of atonal constipations with decreasing of contractive function of smooth muscles are:
bad feeding, low maintance of cellulose in products;
overdigestion of food in stomach (for example in case of gastric hypersecretion)
age changes of receptors of intestines at seniors, or changes of intestinal wall in case of obesity
decreasing of onus of nervus vagus
disorders of intraintestinal innervation , for example in case of Girschprung disease - absence of ganglionar cells of Auerbach’s plexus in sigmoid and rectal intestines
Intestinal diskynesies of hypokynetical type cause: 1) development of intestinal autointoxication; 2)arising of pathologic intestinal gases; 3) appear of cal stones; 4) at some cases intestinal impassability can arise.