- •30. Pathophysiology of digestion.
- •30.1. What is deficiency of digestion?
- •30.2. How is deficiency of digestion is classified?
- •30.3. What factors can cause digestion deficiency?
- •30.4. What principles do they use in experimental modulating of digestion deficiency?
- •30.5. With what influences into nervous system do they modulate indigestion?
- •30.6. What disorders of humoral regulation do they use for modeling of indigestion?
- •30.7. What syndromes characterize digestion deficiency?
- •30.8. With what symptoms is dyspeptical syndrome manifestated?
- •30.9. What is anorexia? When does it appear?
- •30.10. What is heartburn? What is its mechanism?
- •30.11. What is belch? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.12. What is nausea and vomiting? What are its mechanisms?
- •30.13. What is constipation? When does it happen?
- •30.14. What is altered bowel sounds? When does it arise?
- •30.15. What is diarrhea? By what can it be caused?
- •30.16. What can be reason of dehydration of organism?
- •30.17. What disorders of pH condition are symptoms of disorders of digestion?
- •30.18. What causes intestinal autointoxication in case of disorder of digestion?
- •30.19. What mechanisms can cause pain syndrome in case of injuries of digestive system?
- •30.20. What disorders of motorical, secretory and absorption function of digestive system can cause disorders of digestion?
- •30.21. What reasons can cause disorders of chewing? What inportance for digestion have these disorders?
- •30.22. What is caries of teeth?
- •30.23. How pathogenesis of caries is nowadays understood?
- •30.24. What is periodontitis? What factors can cause it?
- •30.25. What are the reasons and importance of hypersalivation?
- •30.26. What are the reasons of and importance of hyposalivation?
- •30.27. What is dysphagy? name its reasons and influence.
- •30.28. What is gastric dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.28. Name reasons and importance of hyperkynetic dyskinesia of stomach.
- •30.30. What is pylorospasm?
- •30.31. Name reasons and importance of hypotonic dyskinesia of stomach
- •30.32. There are some types of pathologic gastric secretion:
- •30.33. How is gastric hypersecretion manifestated? What is its importance?
- •30.34. How can gastric hypersecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.35. What is ulcer disease? What is its etiology?
- •30.36. What are theories of pathogenesis of ulcer disease?
- •30.37. What pathogenic variants of gastric ulcer do they distinguish nowadays?
- •30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
- •30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
- •30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
- •30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
- •30.42. What is the manifestation of gastric hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.43. How can gastric hyposecretion be modelated in experiment?
- •30.44. What are the reasons of pancreatic hypersecretion? How it can manifestate?
- •30.45. What is acute pancreatitis? What is its etiology?
- •30.46. What is main link of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis? What pathogenic variants of this disease do they distinguish?
- •30.47. What is the characteristic for primary alterative variant of development of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.48. What can cause development of hypertensive variant of acute pancreatitis?
- •30.49. What conditions cause refluxe variant of pancreatitis?
- •30.50. Describe pathogenesis of local changes in case of acute pancreatitis.
- •30.51. What mechanisms can cause pancreatic shock?
- •30.52. With what symptoms is pancreatic shock manifestated?
- •30.53. What reasons can cause development of pancreatic hyposecretion? What is its importance?
- •30.54. What is maldigestion syndrome? What symptoms is its manifestation?
- •30.55. What is intestinal dyskinesia? What are its variants?
- •30.57. How are hypokynetical diskynesies of intestines manfestated? What is its importance?
- •30.58. What is intestinal impassability? How is it classified?
- •30.59. Which changes in organism are the manifestation of intestinal impassability? What is its pathogenesis?
- •30.60. What reasons can cause disorders of defecation? How does such disorders manifestate?
- •30.61. What is malabsorption syndrome? What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption?
- •30.62. What reasons can cause the disorders of absorption in intestines?
- •30.63. What is intestinal enzymopathy? How can it be manifestate?
- •30.64. What enterocytic disorders can cause malabsorption syndrome?
- •30.65. What postenterocytic disorders can cause disorders of absorption of substances in intestines?
30.38. What is exogenous gastric ulcer? What can be its reason?
exogenous ulcer is type of ulcer which arises as a result of influence of damaging factors of exogenous character.
exogenous ulcers are modelated in experiment with:
physical influence- entering into stomach of crushed glass (mechanic injury), boiling water, fluid nitrogen;
chemical influence- entering into stomach of strong acids and alkalines.
In development of exogenous ulcer microbe factors such as Campylobacter Pylory play main role. This microorganism actively populate at defensive layer of slime and attaches to apical surface of epithelial cells. The most actively pylorus and bulbus of duodenum are populated. Pentration of microorganism causes local immune response - formed antibodies interact with superficial antigens of bacteria. It causes polymorphnuclear leukocytes - inflammation develops (edema, hyperaemia), at beginning erosions forms, which then transforms into ulcer.
30.39. What is peptic ulcer? How is it modelated in experiment?
Peptic ulcer arises because of digestive influence of gastric juice into mucous membrane of stomach and duodenum.
They distinguish 2 pathogenic variants of peptic ulcer:
ulcer, which arises as a result of aggression of gastric juice (increasing of quantity of juice , its acidity and digestive strength). It can arise in experiment in case of modelating of gastric hypersecretion (see question 30.34)
ulcer caused by decreasing of defensive qualities of mucous membrane. In these conditions gastric juice which has normal “aggressivety” make digestive influence on changed mucous membrane. It is two point of view on modelating this type of ulcer in experiment: a) disorder of slim formation (injecting of glucocorticoids, acetylsalicylic acid); b) destruction of mucous barrier by substances-detergents (entering into stomach of bile acids, reproduction of duodeno-gastric reflux).
30.40. What is trophic ulcers of stomach? How is it reproduced in experiment?
Trophic ulcer is ulcer which arises as a result of disorder of nutrition of mucous membrane of stomach.
Trophic ulcers are:
vascular ulcers. It form because of disorders of blood circulation in walls of stomach. In experiments it is modelated with bandage of arteries that nutria stomach, injection into arteries of atofane that cause atrophy of its wall and obliteration of its space; injecting of big doses of catecholamines, that cause spasm of arteries and ischemia of stomach;
neurogenic ulcers. Are result of disorders of neural trophics and development of neurodystrophical process.
30.41. What is hyporegeneratory ulcers of stomach? What can cause it?
Hyporegeneratory ulcers can arise as the result of disorders of regeneration of epithelium of mucous membrane. Glandular epithelium regenerates every 5 days at norm. If processes of regeneration are violated, then surface defects – erosion arise, then arise more deep defects - ulcers.
Development of hyporegeneratory ulcers can be caused by: a) influence of high doses of glucocorticoids, that suppress biosynthesis of proteins and cell proliferation; b) protein starvation; c) hypovitaminosis; d) influence of toxins - inhibitor of synthesis of proteins.